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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2024.
This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and all
information herein remains strictly confidential.
Registration No. 333-        ​
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
ODDITY Tech Ltd.
(Exact Name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
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State of Israel
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)​
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2844
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)​
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Not applicable
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
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ODDITY Tech Ltd.
8 Haharash Street
Tel Aviv-Jaffa, 6761304, Israel
(551) 751-7495
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
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ODDITY Tech US Inc.
110 Greene Street
New York, New York 10012
(551) 751-7495
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
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Copies to:
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Joseph D. Zavaglia
Nicholas A. Dorsey
Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP
Worldwide Plaza
825 Eighth Avenue
New York, New York 10019
Telephone: (212) 474-1000
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Ran Hai
Joshua Ravitz
Nir Dash
Itay Lavi
Herzog Fox & Neeman
6 Yitzhak Sadeh St
Tel Aviv 6777506, Israel
Telephone: (972) (3) 692 2020
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Jonathan Truppman
ODDITY Tech US Inc.
110 Greene Street
New York, New York 10012
Telephone: (551) 751-7495
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Michael Kaplan
Roshni Banker Cariello
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP
450 Lexington Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Telephone: (212) 450-4000
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Aaron M. Lampert
Ephraim P. Friedman
Goldfarb Gross Seligman & Co.
Round Tower,
1 Azrieli Center
Tel Aviv 6701101, Israel
Telephone: (972) (3) 607 4444
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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☐
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.
Emerging growth company ☒​
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling shareholder may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and the selling shareholder is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED           , 2024
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
           Class A Ordinary Shares
[MISSING IMAGE: lg_oddity-4c.jpg]
           Class A Ordinary Shares
The selling shareholder named in this prospectus is offering      Class A ordinary shares. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A ordinary shares by the selling shareholder.
Our Class A ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market (“Nasdaq”), under the symbol “ODD”. On March   , 2024, the closing price of our Class A ordinary shares as reported on Nasdaq was $     per share.
We have two classes of ordinary shares outstanding: Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. The rights of the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting, conversion, and transfer rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote per share and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes per share and is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of our shareholders, unless otherwise required by law or our amended and restated articles of association. Based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023, the outstanding Class B ordinary shares represent approximately 71.8% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital and our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Oran Holtzman, holds approximately 76.1% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital. See the sections titled “Principal and Selling Shareholder” and “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association” for additional information.
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq and may rely on available exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. See “Prospectus Summary — Controlled Company Status.”
We are also both an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” as defined under the U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements in our public filings. Investing in our Class A ordinary shares involves risks and uncertainties. See “Prospectus Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer.”
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Per Share
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Total
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Public offering price
​ ​ ​ $       ​ ​ ​ ​ $       ​ ​
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)
​ ​ ​ $ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ ​ ​
Proceeds to the selling shareholder (before expenses)
​ ​ ​ $ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ ​ ​ ​
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(1)
We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain expenses in connection with this offering. See “Underwriting” for additional information regarding underwriter compensation.
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Investing in our Class A ordinary shares involves risks and uncertainties. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 20 to read about factors you should consider before buying any of our Class A ordinary shares.
None of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, any state securities commission, or the Israel Securities Authority has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The underwriters expect to deliver the Class A ordinary shares to purchasers on or about           , 2024.
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Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC
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Prospectus dated           , 2024
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
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We, the selling shareholder, and the underwriters have not authorized anyone to provide additional information or information different from that contained in this prospectus, any amendment or supplement to this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by us or on our behalf or to which we may have referred you. We, the selling shareholder, and the underwriters do not take any responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any information other than the information in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by us or on our behalf. We, the selling shareholder and the underwriters are not making an offer to sell the Class A ordinary shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. This offering is being made in the United States and elsewhere solely on the basis of the information contained in this prospectus. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the Class A ordinary shares. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since the date on the front cover of this prospectus. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy these Class A ordinary shares in any circumstances under which such offer or solicitation is unlawful.
For investors outside the United States:   We, the selling shareholder, and the underwriters have not taken any action that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this prospectus.
 
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BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). We present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars.
Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year. Our most recent fiscal year ended on December 31, 2023.
Certain monetary amounts, percentages and other figures included elsewhere in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables or charts may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them, and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, as applicable, when aggregated may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.
We discuss ODDITY LABS’ “science-backed” products in this prospectus to mean a product development process where ingredients are developed by scientists using a methodology that combines advanced biological models and machine learning-based tools to find new molecules for beauty and wellness applications; this includes applying algorithmic solutions to facilitate virtual screening of vast ingredient spaces (e.g., millions of molecules) and subsequent molecule prediction, allowing us to model both the intended responses and molecule structure concurrently. The FDA has not approved any of our products or otherwise determined such products to be safe and effective for any intended uses.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference information into this document. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this document, except for any information superseded by information that is included directly in this prospectus or incorporated by reference subsequent to the date of this prospectus.
We incorporate by reference the following documents or information that we have filed with the SEC:
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Our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.
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Our filings with the SEC, and exhibits incorporated in and amendments to those reports, are available free of charge on our website (https://investors.oddity.com/) as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our website and the information contained on that site, or connected to that site, are not incorporated into and are not a part of this prospectus.
Upon written or oral request, we will provide to each person to whom this prospectus is delivered, a copy of any or all of the reports or documents that have been incorporated by reference into this prospectus at no cost. If you would like a copy of any of these documents, at no cost, please write or call us at:
Jonathan Truppman
ODDITY Tech US Inc.
110 Greene Street
New York, New York 10012
Telephone: (551) 751-7495
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA
Unless otherwise indicated, information in this prospectus concerning economic conditions, our industry, our markets, and our competitive position is based on a variety of sources, including information from independent industry analysts and publications, as well as our own estimates and research.
Our estimates are derived from publicly available information released by independent third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, and are based on assumptions made by us upon reviewing such data, and our knowledge of our industry, which we believe to be reasonable. The sources of certain
 
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statistical data, estimates, and forecasts contained elsewhere in this prospectus are from Euromonitor and Women’s Wear Daily, independent industry publications.
Projections, assumptions, and estimates of the future performance of the industry in which we operate and our future performance are necessarily subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by independent third parties and by us.
TRADEMARKS
We own certain trademarks and trademark applications used in this prospectus that are important to our business, including, among others, IL MAKIAGE and SpoiledChild. Solely for convenience, our trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the “®” or “™” symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, trade names, or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Each trademark, trade name, or service mark of any other company appearing in this prospectus is the property of its respective holder.
 
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all the information that you should consider before deciding to invest in our Class A ordinary shares. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms the “company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this prospectus refer to ODDITY Tech Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Who We Are
We are a consumer tech platform that is built to transform the global beauty and wellness market.
Our commitment to innovation through our proprietary technology is matched only by our commitment to developing empowering products of the highest quality. The ODDITY platform is designed to support a portfolio of brands and services that aim to innovate and disrupt the expansive global beauty and wellness market.
ODDITY’s success is based on our outsider approach. We are a technology company seeking to reinvent every aspect of a massive industry. Our tech team is the largest team within our company today and comprises over 40% of our headcount as of December 31, 2023. We invest heavily in data science, machine learning, and computer vision, and we have an evergreen commitment to exploring and investing in emerging technologies. Our technology innovations, when combined with our world-class physical product range and compelling brands built to win online, aim to eliminate significant friction for customers and support a seamless end-to-end user experience.
We deploy algorithms and machine learning models leveraging user data seeking to deliver a precise product match and seamless shopping experience.
We harness our user data to develop physical beauty and wellness products that deliver excellent performance and functionality. We never settle on quality. If our data doesn’t show it is the best we can deliver, we won’t launch it.
It requires marrying two different worlds of tech and physical products. It’s not enough to build smart machine learning models, they need to be trained to match physical products.
In April 2023, we established ODDITY LABS to bring artificial intelligence-based molecule discovery to the development of science-backed, high performance beauty and wellness products. ODDITY LABS was formed in conjunction with our acquisition of Revela, a biotechnology company focused on the development of new molecules for beauty and wellness products.
Since our first digital brand launch in 2018, we have disrupted the way millions of consumers shop for beauty products by bringing them online and transforming the shopping experience. We bring visitors to our website, turn visitors into users by asking questions and learning about them, and then leverage the data we have across the platform to convert them into paying customers. We have built a platform of approximately 50 million users that we have direct access to and have generated over 2 billion unique data points on our users’ beauty preferences through our digital model. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 5 million active customers, or customers that made at least one purchase with us within the last 12 months.
Our business has a powerful and rare combination of scale, growth, and profitability. Since our launch, we have proven our ability to quickly achieve success in new brands, products, categories and international markets. In just 18 months following our launch, and simultaneous with our rapid revenue growth, we achieved profitability due to strong repeat rates. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we scaled to $508.7 million of net revenue, compared to $324.5 million and $222.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing 56.7% and 45.8% growth year-over-year, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from sales to customers in the United States were $414.1 million, compared
 
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to $241.1 million and $162.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing 71.7% and 48.9% growth year-over-year, respectively. Revenues from sales to customers in other geographies were $94.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $83.4 million and $60.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing 13.4% and  37.6% growth year-over-year, respectively. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we achieved a gross margin of 70.4%, 67.2% and 68.8%, net income margin of 11.5%, 6.7% and 6.3%, and Adjusted EBITDA margin of 21.1%, 12.2% and 12.0%, respectively. In addition, our order billings grew to $595.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $395.5 million and $267.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Operating Results” for more information.
We built the ODDITY platform to support a diverse portfolio of current and future owned and partnered beauty and wellness brands, with a shared technology backbone, infrastructure, and commitment to rigorous process. In 2019, we launched our in-house New Ventures brand incubator with a mandate to pursue additional product categories ripe for disruption through our technology-powered platform. While some scale beauty and personal care companies have struggled to launch brands organically, SpoiledChild’s success out of the gate is a testament to the strength of the New Ventures incubator and the unique power of our data and technology enabled platform. We believe we can drive significant growth and gain market leadership by developing additional standalone, digitally native brands for future launches.
Building a Platform to Transform a $600 Billion Market
We operate a different model to that of the incumbents that have historically dominated the global beauty and wellness market. This distinctive approach is core to our competitive advantage and ability to disrupt the market.
Outsiders by Design
Disrupting a market requires outside thinking. Our organization is built entirely by beauty industry outsiders, who come with fresh thinking, a focus on innovation, and a desire to drive continuous improvement.
Technology First
Our business model is centered on our in-house technology capabilities, with leading expertise in data science, machine learning, and computer vision. We operate a cutting-edge R&D and technology center in Tel Aviv that is fully integrated with our business operations in New York City. Our tech team is the largest team within our company today and comprises over 40% of our headcount as of December 31, 2023. Our investments in and focus on recruiting top technology talent is a key component of our strategy. We expect our technology roadmap will define the future of beauty.
Data Drives Our Business
We deploy our technology to better understand customers and anticipate their wants and needs. Our data moat drives all aspects of our business, including revenue, marketing, distribution, operations, and development of new products and brands. It creates a significant competitive advantage in acquiring users digitally, driving our high engagement and strong and improving repeat purchase rates. This data is also critical to training our collection of machine learning models which drive the user journey, across acquisition, purchase, and post purchase. We believe this data-driven approach is a key difference relative to industry incumbents, who are largely wholesale brands without data and technology advantages, and who heavily rely on retail partner platforms for consumer insights.
Superior Product Performance
Our data-centric strategy enables us to create and deliver superior products to our customers and build differentiated brands across the beauty and wellness space. From inception, we construct each brand by thoughtfully leveraging data and employing an exhaustive testing process with our global user base, to
 
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determine product-market fit and develop ingredients and formulations. We are committed to only launching a product when our user data shows there is a real consumer need and that our product quality gives us the ability to win.
The Growth Opportunity Ahead
With our rapidly growing user base, we are unlocking distribution for wellness and beauty online. We aim to launch a new, standalone digitally native brand on a regular cadence to disrupt new categories. Each brand will have different teams and leadership, but we plan to have all brands served by our centralized technology and data science teams.
The strength of our playbook is demonstrated by the rapid and consistent success we have seen with the IL MAKIAGE brand in multiple markets, and the even stronger performance we have seen from SpoiledChild since its launch. We see significant potential to grow our existing brands and to disrupt additional product categories across the global beauty and wellness market. Our organization is set up to scale in multiple vectors: through continued growth of the IL MAKIAGE brand, through future homegrown brand launches like SpoiledChild via our New Ventures incubator, and through selective partnerships and M&A.
Our Market Opportunity
We operate in the highly attractive over $600 billion global beauty and wellness market as defined by the global beauty, personal care and dietary supplements market per Euromonitor, which is characterized by its large size, secular tailwinds, high growth, and compelling gross margin profile. We believe this market is ripe for disruption, dominated by established, largely offline, wholesale models that we feel have not sufficiently evolved to meet changing consumer preferences for a digital, personalized, and customized experience.
Beauty and Wellness Represents a Massive Market Ripe for Digital Disruption
Today’s beauty and wellness market is dominated by multi-brand brick-and-mortar retailers. Despite its size and prevalence in our daily lives, the industry has been slow to transform.
We believe that this underdevelopment of online as compared to other retail categories, such as apparel, is a function of the following:
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Established Offline Players.   Legacy players continue to perform well by leveraging offline channels as the main gateway to the consumer. Therefore, these companies have little incentive to adopt change in their businesses.
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Lack of Disruptors.   In the beauty and wellness category, technological disruptors are required to develop physical products in addition to industry-defining technology. This requirement makes it less compelling to technology teams and increases the barrier to entry.
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Consumer Knowledge Gap.   Beauty and wellness products are complex and require a high degree of personalization across attributes like shade matching and formulation. Without technology to help with selection, and with high price points that increase the cost of getting it wrong, consumers are compelled to shop in physical stores to get the right product.
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Outsourced Digital Distribution.   The majority of the market is wholesale brands that sell to powerful and consolidating retail partners. The reliance of wholesalers on these distribution partners has made it difficult for beauty and wellness companies to invest in their brand.com capabilities, or risk disintermediating retail partners. Retailers are asserting increasing power in this sphere through retail media and other initiatives.
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Scale and Profitability Trade-off.   Various independent beauty brands have emerged in recent years, but it has been difficult for these new entrants to achieve sustainable scale or profitability without the help of third-party retailers. This reliance can reduce the efficiency of marketing spend, while increasing risks of boom-bust revenue cycles based on an overreliance on retailer merchandising decisions.
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Limited Data.   Brands that outsource digital distribution to third parties usually have limited access to the consumer data that can be used to drive further online adoption. We believe legacy companies either place little emphasis on, or have no direct method to efficiently collect, consumer data. The lack of a direct data connection between companies and consumers impedes product innovation and personalization.
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Beauty and Wellness Industry is Slow to Innovate
Beauty and wellness products are typically used daily and replenished often, yet, the legacy journey to purchasing these products is far from the convenient and efficient digital experience many consumers prefer. It has lacked education and personalization historically and is typically:
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Overwhelming and Complicated.   The discovery and inspiration process involves complex steps of browsing through an overwhelming assortment of products, often without much differentiation and filled with marketing jargon, and manually seeking out advice through disparate means to self-educate and parse out what is individually suitable for each consumer.
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Time-Consuming.   The legacy consumer journey to buy cosmetics or skincare products largely entails going in person to a department store or a specialty retailer to try on and sample products. Different stores carry different brands, and inventory levels can vary across stores. It is not uncommon for consumers to navigate multiple stores before they can find what they want.
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Plagued by Overspending.   Product recommendations often rely on the naked eye and human judgment, creating a consumer journey plagued by trial-and-error. Consumers often go through multiple steps of returns and purchases before they find the right product, which leads to overspending.
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Not Personalized:   The beauty and wellness industry has been built to maximize individual transactions rather than optimize each individual consumer’s journey over time as needs and preferences evolve. We believe legacy companies cannot efficiently collect consumer data at scale, which impedes personalization.
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We believe the winner in the beauty and wellness industry will be the company that recognizes that technology, data and online capabilities are at the core of the business, and can leverage these strengths to innovate and address rapidly changing consumer preferences. We believe the combination of our almost entirely online and direct-to-consumer business model, deep technology expertise, and exceptional product offerings positions us best to address the modern-day beauty and wellness consumer.
The Power of Digital
The potential reach of a successful online model is significant — unconstrained by physical store footprints or local marketing limitations. Our technology-powered model has the ability to reach a broad and diverse audience in beauty and wellness.
We are a gateway for online adoption, with almost half of our customers making their first online beauty purchase with us based on internal estimates. We expect our market share position to strengthen as beauty and wellness purchases increasingly shift online.
Our model allows us to build funnels that attract a broad range of customers. We convert customers across geographies, demographic characteristics, such as age and skin tones, and purchasing behavior. We believe that our direct, tech-enabled and data-driven model strongly appeals to a broad demographic audience, giving us a unique opportunity to capture this growing source of demand and compete in categories traditionally dominated by legacy brands with waning relevance.
A Holistic End-to-End User Journey Enabled by Technology
ODDITY is powered by our vision and commitment to revolutionize the beauty and wellness industry through technology innovations and outside thinking. We have built a holistic, end-to-end customer journey, with each of our user touchpoints seeking to enhance and optimize the overall experience. Our integrated model aims to eliminate significant friction, bringing discovery, product matching, tutorial, purchase, and
 
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repeat engagement under a single platform. We do so by making technology core to our business model and through proprietary innovations, including:
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Kenzza.   We believe Kenzza, our video-on-demand beauty platform, is the world’s largest library of bespoke beauty media content. Users find education and inspiration from our in-house content, custom made for us by some of the world’s most influential beauty creators.
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PowerMatch / SpoiledBrain.   Dozens of machine learning models deliver product recommendations with precision, saving our users time and effort, and driving conversion.
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Computer Vision / Hyperspectral.   Patented software for hyperspectral recovery allows us to replace an expert’s eyes by giving every mobile phone camera the capabilities of a $20,000 hyperspectral instrument.
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Proprietary, Actionable User Data
Based on our experience, consumers in our category want to be asked, not told, what products will work for them. They want personalization and customization — not a one-size-fits-all approach. They want a product that is tailored to their individual needs.
From inception, our platform was built on the premise of asking and learning. We bring visitors to our website, turn visitors into users by asking questions and learning about them, then leverage the data we have across the platform to convert them into paying customers, and then watch them become repeat customers.
Users represent visitors that have interacted with our website and shared at least 50 unique data points with us. Data points include, for example, user beauty preferences collected through surveys. Our users have generated over 2 billion unique data points that we have used across multiple vectors:
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Product recommendations:   We deliver the precise product, formulation, and shade to make selection easy, driving acquisition and conversion.
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Remarketing and retargeting:   We offer users accurate, personalized and relevant educational and product content, which drives engagement and increases our return on marketing spend.
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New product and brand development:   We listen to our users on the products, formulations, and use cases that they want, increasing our product launch success rate and accelerating our product development cycles.
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Training our machines:   We did not wake up flawless. As pioneers of online beauty and wellness, we learned with our machines how to smooth out the blemishes. We invested time and money — that we believe others cannot keep pace with — to drive continuous improvement in our product and business. The data we collect from our users further powers our machine learning capabilities and enables us to continuously improve the advantages described above.
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Moreover, as we engage with our customers directly, versus through third-party retailers, we continue to own the customer experience and have direct access to valuable, real-time data.
Loyal Customer Behavior
Our data and consumer tech platform, coupled with our direct model, drives high customer loyalty and strong and improving repeat purchase rates across customer cohorts. Our 12-month U.S. net revenue repeat purchase rate for our Q3 2022 customer cohort was approximately 100% as of the third quarter of 2023.
We believe that the combination of high data driven conversion rates and high repeat purchase rates lead to a strong and profitable business model. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Operating Results — Key Factors Affecting Our Performance” for additional information regarding our net revenue repeat purchase rate and customer acquisition and retention.
 
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Across ODDITY, technology and data drive all business functions from product development to marketing and operations to enabling our powerful digital model. This in turn allows us to provide what we believe to be a superior customer experience, from data-driven personalized recommendations, and a library of creator-led content for tutorials and engagement, to seamless online check-outs and deliveries. Our relentless focus on creating a superior and delightful customer experience has increased our efficiency in user acquisition and conversions and accelerated our growth, allowing us to reach profitability only 18 months post-launch.
This technology-powered, data-centric model shares similarities with other “land and expand” models in the technology industry, which are designed to support faster growth at higher incremental returns than analog ones. Once a user is onboarded, we are able to market additional products and services at lower incremental costs, supporting favorable incremental returns on our capital.
We believe our data-driven model has the additional benefit of increasing our rate of success for new brand and product launches and derisking the downside potential of every dollar of capital we deploy in the pursuit of these new launches.
Lastly, it enables us to build and launch brands developed organically in-house, as opposed to solely relying on acquisitions, which in our experience supports a higher internal rate of return based on a lower amount of capital required to build versus buy.
When Beauty Meets Israeli Technology
We operate an elite technology organization, and technology is at the center of everything we do. An ethos of innovation, creation, agility, and disruption permeates our entire company. Our dedicated workforce includes in-house engineers, data scientists, computer vision experts, and product teams that comprise over 40% of our global headcount. Our tech team is integrated with the business teams, working hand-in-hand across areas like growth, customer experience, marketing, and product development to drive the business.
To execute our extensive roadmap, we deploy new versions of our platform and funnels every week. The multiple deployments improve and add features that the customer wants and needs.
Our operating method allows us to keep a strong pace of innovation and execution as we scale. The tech team is organized in squads devoted to key domains, each organized as small standalone startup with dedicated project managers, software developers, and quality assurance teams. This allows all teams to push domains in parallel and avoid bottlenecks. We work in weekly sprints that include planning, coding, deploying, testing, analyzing performance, and optimizing.
 
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We take enormous pride in our tech team. We recruit from the most attractive pockets of talent in the world, and our tech team receives focus from the highest levels of leadership in our organization. Based in Tel Aviv, one of the most advanced R&D hubs in the world, ODDITY’s R&D organization has attracted talent from elite Israeli technology centers including the Israeli Defense Forces’ Unit 81, its Special Operations Division’s technology unit.
Massive Data Usage Fuels Growth and Profitability
We are a data-driven company and one of our significant differentiators is the vast amount of quality, actionable data that we are able to collect on our users and our products. We leverage this data to drive almost every aspect of the business and to enhance our customer experience.
We believe ODDITY has one of the largest databases in the beauty and wellness industry. Each of our brands can generate and collect its own data, and we can leverage the aggregation of user data points across all ODDITY brands to create platform-level synergies, enhance growth, and expand into other countries and product categories. In addition to the business advantages, this continuous data building further allows us to refine and optimize our algorithms to drive higher accuracy of product matching models.
ODDITY’s consumer tech platform has the benefit of utilizing IL MAKIAGE’s existing machine learning models, which took years to perfect via trial and error. At the forefront of applying machine-learning to the beauty industry, our data advantage has provided ODDITY with speed-to-market, high efficacy product, and high customer satisfaction. As compared to traditional beauty companies that rely on wholesale distribution models and lack user data collection, we believe that our technology and massive existing user base would be difficult for other companies to achieve or replicate.
We gather insights from a massive amount of sources and leverage data in five main ways:
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Generating revenue
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Remarketing/retargeting users
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Developing new products
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Developing new brands
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Training our machines
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We believe our consumer tech platform enables us to collect substantially more data than others in our space, which creates a flywheel that continuously improves and drives the business.
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Our Proprietary Tech Products Change the Way Consumers Shop for Beauty Online
We are a technology company at our core and have created a purpose-built platform for the beauty and wellness industry to scale our digitally native brand portfolio. Our platform delivers the future of beauty and wellness to consumers by addressing the complex demands they face when buying online. Our core technology products should and will serve multiple brands:
 
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PowerMatch / SpoiledBrain
Our proprietary algorithms and machine learning models match customers with accurate complexion and beauty products. Using artificial intelligence, PowerMatch and SpoiledBrain help users identify the correct products, formulations, and shades, reducing the risk of incorrect selection and eliminating the need to physically try on products in-store. We use many real-time predictions drawn from our pool of user data and are constantly improving our models to increase accuracy and conversion.
Computer Vision
Patented software technology allows existing smartphone cameras to provide hyperspectral information, which until now could only be obtained using expensive, dedicated, and complex hyperspectral cameras that cost $20,000 or more. Our hyperspectral vision technology can detect 31 wavelengths that are invisible to the human eye. By applying unique, physics-based AI technology to recover and interpret this hyperspectral information, we can analyze skin and hair features, detect facial blood flows, monitor heart-rate, and create melanin and hemoglobin maps.
We believe this hyperspectral imaging technology will allow us to rapidly expand our product capabilities with a lower amount of data needed for our machine learning models, such as more personalized products and brands in categories that traditionally require in-person diagnostics.
We acquired our hyperspectral vision technology in July 2021 through the purchase of all outstanding shares of Voyage81 Ltd. (“Voyage81”), for approximately $20.2 million in cash and approximately $12.3 million in Redeemable A shares. For more information see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Kenzza
We believe we own the largest collection of on-demand bespoke beauty media content in the world, created by our incredible global network of beauty and wellness content creators. Through thousands of videos available for streaming, Kenzza, our proprietary and patented platform, brings video-on-demand content and experiences that change the way users buy beauty online. Instead of showing more products, we are providing content and education. This unparalleled education engine leads to high user confidence and therefore lower friction, which drives scale and profitability. The technology supports features that we believe matter to our users, including custom video navigation and product tagging, to deliver a content experience not possible on other platforms like YouTube or Instagram. Further, our custom-built digital media platform allows us to scale content easily across a wide range of creators and geographies. Kenzza is an important part of our international and new category expansion strategy as we launch with a full library of content from local creators in local languages to deliver an authentic and supportive experience for our users.
The ODDITY Platform is Unlocking Distribution for Beauty and Wellness Online
Based on the success and online demand we have experienced thus far, we believe that beauty will be 50% online in the near term. We are uniquely positioned for the future of beauty and are years ahead in terms of technology and online capabilities. We believe our business is completely different from those of the legacy beauty companies.
With approximately 50 million unique users as of December 31, 2023, we are unlocking distribution for wellness and beauty online using data and in-house technology. Our strategy is to grow separate and standalone digitally native brands to disrupt new categories.
The company is experiencing tremendous momentum globally with net revenues outside of the United States of $94.6 million, $83.4 million and $60.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, accounting for approximately 19%, 26% and 27% of our net revenue for the years then ended, respectively.
New Ventures
We established our New Ventures brand incubator in 2019 to support the in-house development of new brands. The New Ventures team operates with the mandate to build brands and their technology products
 
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from start to finish, while targeting the most attractive pockets of demand in the global beauty and wellness market. We see an abundance of opportunity to disrupt categories with the following characteristics:
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Large Market Size.   The global $600 billion beauty and wellness market is full of large sub-markets where consumers have significant demand and willingness to pay for functional products.
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Consumer Pain Points.   Categories in which our data indicates there is low consumer satisfaction with existing available products and brands.
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Dominance of Older, Unexciting Brands.   Category leaders that lack appeal for a younger generation, and anchor on themes and brand equity that no longer resonate with a younger consumer’s needs.
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Legacy Distribution.   Beauty and wellness remains largely offline with insufficient technology deployed to engage a digitally native consumer.
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IL MAKIAGE
IL MAKIAGE is a prestige, digital beauty brand powered by ODDITY’s consumer tech platform, which leverages data science, machine learning and computer vision capabilities to deliver high-quality online experiences for consumers.
IL MAKIAGE defines and builds the future of beauty by using ODDITY’s unparalleled technology to connect people with a superior, painstakingly tested, wide range of beauty products.
Since the brand’s launch in 2018, according to our customer surveys, IL MAKIAGE has converted millions of consumers from shopping for beauty products in stores to making purchases online and disrupted the industry in the process.
In 2020, IL MAKIAGE started its global expansion with launches in the U.K., Germany, and Australia.
SpoiledChild
We launched our multi-category second brand, SpoiledChild, in February 2022 with the goal of disrupting the wellness industry. SpoiledChild is a prestige, online-only wellness brand powered by ODDITY’s scalable technology platform, including its AI and machine learning capabilities, along with superior products and sustainable design.
We believe SpoiledChild’s strong financial performance in its first year demonstrates the power of the ODDITY platform, the power of our user base, and the significant untapped consumer demand for our current and future products.
Empowering a new generation of consumers to redefine the rules of aging, SpoiledChild allows consumers to control their future by offering an individualized approach to age-control.
Through SpoiledBrain, the brand’s proprietary machine learning algorithm, SpoiledChild matches customers to their perfect products across multiple categories based on their unique individual profile. This multi-category offering, with a full line of products addressing hair, skin, and other health and wellness needs, was developed through a wide-scale, meticulous consumer-first product development process.
In addition, SpoiledChild seeks to promote sustainability with its patented refillable packaging, designed to reduce waste.
ODDITY LABS to Power Product Discovery and Development
We established ODDITY LABS to bring biotechnology and AI-based molecule discovery to beauty and wellness. ODDITY LABS is designed to deepen our competitive advantage by supporting the development of proprietary, science-backed, and high performance products for the benefit of consumers all over the world.
ODDITY LABS was formed in April 2023, in conjunction with our acquisition of Revela, a biotechnology company focused on the development of new molecules for beauty and wellness products. Revela is a pioneer in implementing and scaling AI-based molecule discovery for beauty and wellness, which
 
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has allowed Revela to identify molecules that we believe are high-performing, with accelerated lead times in a cost efficient manner. Revela’s AI-based discovery model has been incorporated into ODDITY’s product development process to accelerate growth across beauty and wellness categories. None of our products to date have required FDA approval and as a result the FDA has not approved any of our products or otherwise made any determinations on whether our products are safe and effective for their intended uses.
The acquisition of Revela closed in May 2023, with an aggregate purchase price of $67.4 million consisting of: (i) cash in the amount of $32.5 million, (ii) 701,591 Class A ordinary shares and (iii) 612,256 restricted Class A ordinary shares which are subject to certain performance milestones as specified in the Revela Merger Agreement. In addition, the transaction included additional consideration related to compensation for post-combination services.
ODDITY LABS operates a frontier biotechnology research and development lab in Boston, at the center of biotechnology talent and innovation. It will power our product innovation for the future, with a focus on the discovery and development of novel products.
We believe AI-based molecule discovery is a transformative frontier in product development for our industry, driven by the advancements of key enabling technologies including synthetic biology, genomic sequencing, robotics, and AI. The technological approach is already widely used in the field of biotechnology for drug discovery. ODDITY LABS is deploying these capabilities to build a next-generation platform, which we believe will have distinct advantages:
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the ability to discover and develop high-performance products that meet consumer needs at speed and scale;
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the biological pathway mapping data base to understand the mechanisms that drive cellular behavior, supporting future innovation of novel products and solutions;
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the ability to attract world leading talent; and
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the ability to support systematic and repeatable innovation through AI-based molecular discovery.
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Our multi-step process leverages biological and computational technologies to drive discovery and optimization:
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After a winner is identified, molecules are continuously optimized through RNA sequencing, molecular docking, and molecule representation algorithms.
Our Competitive Strengths
We have created something new: an industry-redefining, digitally native beauty and wellness company built around an extensible consumer tech platform. Our competitive strengths include:
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Israeli Technology to Disrupt the Beauty and Wellness Category.   Innovation is core to our culture. Our team of beauty outsiders is seeking to disrupt the beauty industry from within by developing a proprietary, scalable technology platform that is purpose-built for beauty and wellness consumers. Everything we do, from product development to marketing to operations, is grounded in the data we optimize from users. Data and machine learning drive the business and results. Our roadmap is full of tech products and capabilities that we believe will define the future of beauty and our network in the Israeli tech scene allows us to have strong visibility into new technologies that will help us shorten timelines to innovation.
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Data-Centric and Online Business Model.   Our data drives revenue, product development, marketing, distribution, operations, and new brand development. It creates a significant competitive advantage
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in acquiring users digitally, driving our high engagement and improving repeat purchase rates. Since the launch of our first brand, IL MAKIAGE, we have been continuously refining our machine learning models. Our extensive data moat allows us to build machine learning models with zero-example learning capabilities to drive efficiencies and speed to market for new product launches. In turn, our AI capabilities deliver a hyper personalized beauty experience to the customer to drive customer loyalty and repeat purchase rates.
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Extensible Platform Built for Developing and Scaling Transformative Brands.   ODDITY’s consumer tech platform was created to launch transformative products and brands across the beauty and wellness space. With our rapidly growing user base, we are unlocking distribution for wellness and beauty online. We aim to launch a new, standalone digitally native brand on a regular cadence with the goal of disrupting new categories. Each brand will have different teams and leadership, but we plan to have all brands served by our centralized technology and data science teams. We are focused on investing in our technology platform rather than just the top-down brand. To drive platform expansion, our New Ventures in-house incubator is guided by two goals — first, identifying new categories to be disrupted online and second, building new brands for a superior user experience. We continue to invest heavily in the growth of our New Ventures team. To start, our data-driven approach to new launches begins with extensive market research and blind product testing to create the superior product in its category. Through the combination of our New Ventures team, existing user data, product match technology, and in-house marketing capabilities, we believe we will be able to effectively develop new brands, including in categories beyond cosmetics, skin and hair, and introduce them to targeted customers.
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ODDITY LABS to Power the Discovery and Development of Science-Backed Products.   We established ODDITY LABS in conjunction with our acquisition of Revela in April 2023 to bring biotechnology and AI-based molecule discovery to beauty and wellness. ODDITY LABS is designed to deepen our competitive advantage by supporting the development of proprietary, science-backed, and high performance products. We believe AI-based molecule discovery is a transformative frontier in product development, driven by the advancements of key enabling technologies, including synthetic biology, genomic sequencing, robotics, and AI, that can support the discovery and development of molecules at speed and scale. We have incorporated Revela’s AI-based discovery model into our product development process to accelerate growth across beauty and wellness categories.
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Strong Unit Economics Creates a Proven Business Model.   The strength of our unit economics underpins our ability to scale and grow profitably. In just 18 months, and simultaneous with our rapid revenue growth, we achieved profitability. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated net income of $58.5 million, compared to $21.7 million and $13.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and Adjusted EBITDA of $107.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $39.5 million and $26.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our gross margin of 70.4%, 67.2%, and 68.8%, net income margin of 11.5%, 6.7%, and 6.3% and Adjusted EBITDA margin of 21.1%, 12.2%, and 12.0% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are functions of our attractive unit economics. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information regarding these measures.
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Founder-Led Management Team.   Our entrepreneurial brother-sister founding team saw an industry ripe for disruption after observing the disconnect between online beauty discovery and offline purchasing behavior. As our name suggests, our corporate DNA values the ability to be unconstrained by historical conventions. We are uncompromising in our mission to make the first move, set the pace for the industry, take big swings, and continuously raise the bar — wild vision combined with hard work and a hands-on approach.
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Our Growth Strategies
Our intention is to sustain our high-growth and attractive margin profile that consistently delivers great outcomes for our stakeholders. To do this, we believe it is vital to have a clear long-term growth strategy that guides our continued investments in areas that align with our customers’ wants and needs, and our own growth objectives.
 
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Continue to Build Our User Base.   We aim to continue to grow our user base globally as we launch in new geographies, categories and brands. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 50 million unique users.
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Convert Users into Customers.   We have succeeded in converting our users into customers through our data-driven personalization engines. Our massive amount of data points on our users allows us to convert users to customers at high conversion rates over time. We generate a high contribution margin through this conversion. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 5 million active customers.
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Continue to Increase Customer Loyalty and Wallet Share.   We continuously seek to deepen our existing customer relationships to improve our already strong and growing revenue retention rates and increase our wallet share. Our 12-month U.S. net revenue repeat purchase rate for our Q3 2022 customer cohort was approximately 100% as of the third quarter of 2023. We continue to drive repeat behavior through improvements in data-driven personalization, product recommendations, customer service, and engagement, in addition to new products and brand launches that are all informed by customer data. New brand launches are core to our growth strategy and will enable us to unlock the potential for our customers to cross-shop brands. Each of these initiatives is designed to increase the loyalty of our users.
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Expand Our Global Footprint.   Our upfront investments in technology allow us to scale in new markets quickly and with limited asset intensity. Our rapid and profitable expansion into the U.K., various markets in Continental Europe, and Australia gives us confidence in our ability to drive a large part of our business overseas. Net revenues outside of the United States of $94.6 million, $83.4 million and $60.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, accounting for approximately 19%, 26% and 27% of our net revenue for the years then ended, respectively, is below the penetration level of our large global competitors and provides significant room for growth. When entering a new geography, we market directly to consumers via our localized multilingual digital platform Kenzza, have a dedicated native customer support team, and ramp up our digital marketing spend.
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Grow Our Existing Brands.   We estimate that IL MAKIAGE comprises less than 2% of the total beauty market in the United States with the potential to significantly increase market share driven by the brand’s differentiated, digital and data-first approach to customer acquisition and retention. We believe SpoiledChild has the opportunity to become one of the largest online wellness brands, with dominant franchises in haircare, skincare, and additional wellness categories, based on the financial performance in its first year, ODDITY’s platform for scaling transformative brands, and SpoiledChild’s reach across multiple categories.
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Expand Our Portfolio of Brands and Services.   Our track record of success with IL MAKIAGE across multiple markets and our recent launch of SpoiledChild reinforce our commitment to launching multiple transformative brands and growth vectors. We believe our brand launch playbook has been proven out with IL MAKIAGE in the United States, and in multiple international markets, and reinforced with the success of SpoiledChild. This playbook is extensible to incremental brands layered into our portfolio, developed both internally through our New Ventures incubator, or brought in via partnerships and acquisitions. We believe that expanding the scope of our platform to additional product categories will further expand our addressable market, and are building capabilities that will extend our reach beyond physical product sales into consumer facing and B2B service models.
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Summary of Risk Factors
Investing in our Class A ordinary shares involves substantial risks and uncertainties, and our ability to successfully operate our business and execute our growth plan is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors” before making a decision to invest in our Class A ordinary shares. If any of these risks or uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares would likely decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The following is a summary of some of the principal risks and uncertainties we face:
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Our brands are critical to our success, and the value of our brands may be adversely impacted by negative publicity. If we fail to maintain the value of our brands or our marketing efforts are not successful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.
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Our inability to anticipate and respond to market trends and changes in consumer preferences could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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If we fail to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or fail to maintain or increase sales to those customers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.
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Our business depends on our ability to maintain a strong base of engaged customers and content creators, including through the use of social media. We may not be able to maintain and enhance our brand if we experience negative publicity related to our marketing efforts or use of social media, fail to maintain and grow our network of content creators, or otherwise fail to meet our customers’ expectations.
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We rely on single source suppliers for certain component materials of our products and the loss of suppliers or shortages or disruptions in the supply of raw materials or finished products could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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If we are unable to accurately forecast consumer demand, manage our inventory and plan for future expenses, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
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Our recent rapid growth may not be sustainable or indicative of future growth, and we expect our growth rate to ultimately slow over time.
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If we do not continue to successfully introduce and effectively market new brands, or develop and introduce new, innovative, and updated products, our ability to continue to grow may be adversely affected and we may not be able to maintain or increase our sales and profitability. Difficulty in forecasting may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Changes in data privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, and standards, including laws, rules, and regulations governing our collection, use, disclosure, retention, transfer, storage, and other processing of personal information, including payment card data, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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We rely significantly on the use of information technology, including technology provided by third-party service providers. Any failure, error, defect, inadequacy, interruption, or data breach or other security incident of our information technology systems, or those of our third-party service providers, could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Any failure to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.
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The share price of our Class A ordinary shares may be volatile, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
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The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting power with our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.
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We have in the past and may in the future identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we experience material weaknesses in the future or if we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
Corporate Information
Oddity Tech Ltd. (formerly known as Il Makiage Cosmetics (2013) Ltd.) was incorporated on June 23, 2013 in Israel under the Companies Law, 5759-1999 (the “Companies Law”). Our principal executive offices are located at 8 Haharash Street, Tel Aviv-Jaffa 6761304, Israel where we operate our R&D center; we also have business headquarters in New York City and a biotechnology lab in Boston. Our website address is https://oddity.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely for informational purposes. Our agent for service of process in the United States is ODDITY Tech US Inc., located at 110 Greene Street, New York, New York 10012.
Controlled Company Status
Our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Oran Holtzman, holds approximately 76.1% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq. See “Risk Factors — We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, qualify for, and rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements” for more information.
Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”). An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified exemptions from various requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to U.S. public companies. These provisions include:
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exemptions from certain executive compensation disclosure requirements;
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not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (i.e., an auditor discussion and analysis); and
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an exemption from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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We may take advantage of these provisions until such time as we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of:
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the last day of our fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion;
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the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of our initial public offering;
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the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or
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the last day of our fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates is at least $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter.
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In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also permits an emerging growth company to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public
 
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companies until such time as those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period and, as a result, our operating results and financial statements in the future may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards.
In addition, we report under the Exchange Act as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we take advantage of certain provisions under rules that allow us to follow Israeli law for certain corporate governance matters. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:
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the rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act that impose disclosure obligations and procedural requirements for the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;
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for our directors and principal shareholders, the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules to file public reports with respect to their share ownership and purchase and sale of our ordinary shares;
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the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events; and
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Regulation Fair Disclosure (“Regulation FD”), which regulates selective disclosures of material information by issuers.
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In addition, we are not required to file annual reports and financial statements with the SEC as promptly as U.S. domestic issuers. Foreign private issuers, like emerging growth companies, also are exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, but remain a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation disclosures required of public companies that are neither an emerging growth company nor a foreign private issuer.
We may take advantage of these exemptions until such time as we are no longer a foreign private issuer. We are required to determine our status as a foreign private issuer on an annual basis at the end of our second fiscal quarter. We would cease to be a foreign private issuer at such time if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies:
•
the majority of our executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents;
​
•
more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States; or
​
•
our business is administered principally in the United States.
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We have chosen to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure requirements and other exemptions described above in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and intend to continue to take advantage of certain exemptions in the future. As a result, the information that we provide may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.
 
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Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
THE OFFERING
Class A ordinary shares offered by the selling shareholder
      Class A ordinary shares.
Option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares
The selling shareholder has granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days after the date of this prospectus to purchase up to       additional Class A ordinary shares.
Class A ordinary shares to be outstanding after this offering
      Class A ordinary shares.
Class B ordinary shares to be outstanding after this offering
11,547,000 Class B ordinary shares.
Total Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares to be outstanding after this offering
      ordinary shares.
Use of proceeds
The selling shareholder will receive all of the net proceeds from the sale of Class A ordinary shares offered pursuant to this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of ordinary shares being sold in this offering. See the section titled “Use of Proceeds.”
Voting rights
Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of our shareholders, unless otherwise required by law or our amended and restated articles of association. Based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023, the outstanding Class B ordinary shares represent approximately 71.8% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital and our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Oran Holtzman, holds approximately 76.1% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital.
The sole holder of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of our directors. See the sections titled “Principal and Selling Shareholder” and “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association” for additional information.
Dividend policy
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and expand our business. Our board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency, and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, and other factors that our directors may deem relevant. The Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See the section titled “Dividend Policy.”
 
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Risk factors
See the section titled “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our Class A ordinary shares.
Listing
Our Class A ordinary shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “ODD.”
The number of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based on 45,319,675 Class A ordinary shares and 11,547,000 Class B ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and excludes:
•
11,826,547 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon on the exercise of options to purchase Class A ordinary shares outstanding under our equity incentive plans as of December 31, 2023 at a weighted-average exercise price of $19.58 per share;
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•
1,199,938 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the vesting and settlement of restricted share units outstanding under our equity plans as of December 31, 2023;
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•
4,307,070 Class A ordinary shares reserved and available for grant and issuance under our 2023 Incentive Award Plan (“2023 Plan”), as well as any shares that become issuable pursuant to provisions in the 2023 Plan that automatically increase the share reserve under the 2023 Plan; and
​
•
1,131,000 Class A ordinary shares reserved for issuance under our 2023 Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), as well as any shares that become issuable pursuant to provisions in the ESPP that automatically increase the share reserve under the ESPP.
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Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise of the outstanding options or settlement of the outstanding restricted share units described above after December 31, 2023.
 
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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA
The following tables present our summary consolidated financial and other data. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The summary historical consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus.
The financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results expected in any future period.
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
(U.S. dollars in thousands, except per share data)
​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: ​ ​ ​ ​
Net revenue
​ ​ ​ $ 508,685 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 324,520 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 222,555 ​ ​
Cost of revenue
​ ​ ​ ​ 150,456 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 106,470 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 69,374 ​ ​
Gross profit
​ ​ ​ ​ 358,229 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 218,050 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 153,181 ​ ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses
​ ​ ​ ​ 283,911 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 190,385 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 133,669 ​ ​
Operating income
​ ​ ​ ​ 74,318 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 27,665 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 19,512 ​ ​
Financial expenses (income), net
​ ​ ​ ​ (4,283) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (1,247) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 877 ​ ​
Income before taxes on income
​ ​ ​ ​ 78,601 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 28,912 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 18,635 ​ ​
Taxes on income
​ ​ ​ ​ 20,067 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7,184 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,715 ​ ​
Net income
​ ​ ​ $ 58,534 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,728 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 13,920 ​ ​
Net income per share, basic(1)
​ ​ ​ $ 1.06 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 0.41 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 0.26 ​ ​
Net income per share, diluted(1)
​ ​ ​ $ 1.00 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 0.39 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 0.26 ​ ​
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(1)
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for an explanation of the method used to calculate the historical basic and diluted net income per share and the weighted-average number of shares used in the computation of the per share amounts.
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​ ​ ​
As of December 31,
​
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: ​ ​ ​
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits and marketable securities
​ ​ ​ $ 168,381 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 61,114 ​ ​
Working capital(1)
​ ​ ​ ​ 114,500 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 55,527 ​ ​
Total assets
​ ​ ​ ​ 404,906 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 216,408 ​ ​
Retained earnings
​ ​ ​ ​ 101,778 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 43,244 ​ ​
Total shareholders’ equity
​ ​ ​ $ 283,107 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 98,705 ​ ​
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(1)
Working capital is defined as total current assets minus total current liabilities. See our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details regarding our current assets and current liabilities.
​
Key Operating and Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We regularly review certain key operating and non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends, prepare financial projections, and make business decisions. The information set forth below should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Other companies, including companies in
 
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our industry, may calculate these measures differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Operating and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional information on the key operating measure, order billings, and non-GAAP financial measures set forth below, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted operating income and Adjusted net income to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
Key Operating Measure ​ ​ ​ ​
Order billings(1)
​ ​ ​ $ 595,772 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 395,489 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 267,814 ​ ​
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(1)
Order billings represents amounts invoiced to customers during the period.
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​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
(U.S. dollars in thousands, except per share data)
​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
Non-GAAP Financial Measures ​ ​ ​ ​
Adjusted EBITDA(1)
​ ​ ​ $ 107,334 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 39,471 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 26,628 ​ ​
Adjusted EBITDA margin(2)
​ ​ ​ ​ 21.1% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.2% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.0% ​ ​
Adjusted operating income(3)
​ ​ ​ $ 98,729 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 35,063 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 22,622 ​ ​
Adjusted net income(4)
​ ​ ​ $ 76,713 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 27,298 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 16,243 ​ ​
​
(1)
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income before financial expenses (income), net, taxes on income, depreciation and amortization as further adjusted to exclude share-based compensation expense and non-recurring adjustments.
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(2)
Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net revenue.
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(3)
Adjusted operating income is defined as operating income after adjusting for share-based compensation and non-recurring adjustments.
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(4)
Adjusted net income is defined as net income after adjusting for share-based compensation, non-recurring adjustments, and the tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments.
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RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this prospectus before making a decision to invest in our Class A ordinary shares. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. Our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks and uncertainties. The trading price and value of our Class A ordinary shares could decline due to any of these risks and uncertainties, and you may lose all or part of your investment. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks and uncertainties faced by us described below and elsewhere in this prospectus.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our brands are critical to our success, and the value of our brands may be adversely impacted by negative publicity. If we fail to maintain the value of our brands or our marketing efforts are not successful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.
Our success depends on the value of our brands, which are integral to our business, as well as to the implementation of our strategies for expanding our business. Maintaining, promoting, and positioning our brands will depend largely on the success of our marketing, our technology, and our ability to provide consistent, high quality products. Our brands could be adversely affected if we fail to achieve these objectives or if our public image or reputation were to be tarnished by negative publicity through traditional or social media platforms, including negative publicity about our products, technology, customer service, personnel, marketing efforts, or suppliers. We have experienced instances of negative publicity in the past and can make no assurances that we will not experience negative publicity in the future. Content that is adverse to our interests, whether or not accurate or truthful, could be posted to social media platforms and other platforms and immediately disseminated to broad audiences without any filter or verification of such content. Even isolated incidents involving us, suppliers or third-party service providers, or the products we sell, could erode the trust and confidence of our customers and damage the strength of our brands, especially if such incidents result in adverse publicity, governmental investigations, product recalls, or litigation. We cannot guarantee that our brand development strategies will prevent or mitigate the occurrence of such incidents, accelerate the recognition of our brands, or increase revenue. In addition, the importance of our brands may increase to the extent we experience increased competition, which could require additional expenditures on our brand promotion activities. Maintaining and enhancing the image of our brands also may require us to make additional investments in areas such as marketing and online operations. These investments may be substantial and may not ultimately be successful. Moreover, if we are unsuccessful in obtaining, maintaining, protecting, defending, and enforcing our intellectual property rights in our brands, the value of our brands may be harmed. Any harm to our brands or reputation could adversely affect our ability to attract and engage customers and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our inability to anticipate and respond to market trends and changes in consumer preferences could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our continued success depends on our ability to anticipate, gauge, and react in a timely and cost-effective manner to changes in consumer tastes for beauty and wellness products, attitudes toward our industry and brand, as well as to where and how consumers shop. We must continually work to maintain and enhance the recognition of our brands, develop, manufacture, and market new technologies and products, maintain and adapt to existing and emerging distribution channels, successfully manage our inventories, and modernize and refine our approach as to how and where we market and sell our products. Consumer tastes and preferences cannot be predicted with certainty and can change rapidly. This issue is compounded by the increasing use of digital and social media by consumers and the speed by which information and opinions are shared. If we are unable to anticipate and respond to sudden challenges that we may face in the marketplace, trends in the market for our products, and changing consumer demands and sentiment, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected. In addition, from time to time, sales growth or profitability may be concentrated in a relatively small number of our products or
 
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countries. If such a situation persists or a number of products or countries fail to perform as expected, there could be an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or fail to maintain or increase sales to those customers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.
Our success depends in large part upon widespread adoption of our products by consumers. To attract new customers and continue to expand our customer base, we must appeal to and attract consumers who identify with our beauty and wellness products. If the number of consumers who are willing to purchase our products does not continue to increase, if we fail to deliver a high quality shopping experience, or if our current or potential future customers are not convinced that our technology and products are superior to alternatives, then our ability to retain existing customers, acquire new customers, and grow our business may be harmed. We have made significant investments in enhancing our brands and attracting new customers, and we expect to continue to make significant investments to promote our products. Such campaigns can be expensive and may not result in new customers or increased sales of our products. Further, as our brands become more widely known, we may not attract new customers or increase our revenue at the same rates as we have in the past. If we are unable to acquire new customers who purchase products in numbers sufficient to grow our business, we may not be able to generate the scale necessary to drive beneficial network effects with our suppliers, our revenue may decrease, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.
In addition, our future success depends in part on our ability to increase sales to our existing customers over time, as a significant portion of our revenue is generated from sales to existing customers, particularly those existing customers who are highly engaged and make frequent and/or large repeat purchases of the products we offer. If existing customers no longer find our products or technology appealing or are not satisfied with our customer service and online technology, including shipping times, or if we are unable to timely update our products, technology, and websites to meet current trends and customer demands, our existing customers may not make purchases, or if they do, they may make fewer or smaller purchases in the future.
If we are unable to continue to attract new customers or our existing customers decrease their spending on the products we offer or fail to make repeat purchases of our products, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects will be adversely affected.
Our business depends on our ability to maintain a strong base of engaged customers and content creators, including through the use of social media. We may not be able to maintain and enhance our brand if we experience negative publicity related to our marketing efforts or use of social media, fail to maintain and grow our network of content creators, or otherwise fail to meet our customers’ expectations.
We currently partner with content creators who help raise awareness of our brands and engage with our customers. Our ability to maintain relationships with our existing content creators and to identify new content creators is critical to expanding and maintaining our customer base. As our market becomes increasingly competitive or as we expand internationally, recruiting and maintaining content creators may become increasingly difficult and expensive. If we are not able to develop and maintain strong relationships with our network of content creators, our ability to promote and maintain awareness of our brands may be adversely affected. Further, if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. We and our content creators use third-party social media platforms to raise awareness of our brands and engage with our customers. As existing social media platforms evolve and new platforms develop, we and our content creators must continue to maintain a presence on these platforms and establish a presence on emerging popular social media platforms. If we are unable to cost-effectively use social media platforms as marketing tools, our ability to acquire new customers and our financial condition may suffer. Furthermore, as laws and regulations governing the use of these platforms evolve, any failure by us, our content creators, our sponsors, or other third parties acting at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these platforms could subject us to regulatory investigations, class action lawsuits, liability, fines, or other penalties and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, an increase in the use of social media for product promotion and marketing may cause an increase in the burden on us to monitor such materials, and
 
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increase the risk that such materials could contain problematic product or marketing claims in violation of applicable regulations. For example, in some cases, the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), has sought enforcement action where an endorsement has failed to clearly and conspicuously disclose a financial relationship or material connection between a social media content creator and an advertiser.
We also do not prescribe what content creators post on social media, and our content creators could engage in behavior or use their platforms in a manner that reflects poorly on our brands or is in violation of applicable regulations or platform terms of service, and all these actions may be attributed to us. Negative commentary regarding us, our products, our content creators, or other third parties, whether accurate or not, may be posted on social media platforms at any time and may adversely affect our reputation, brand, and business. The harm may be immediate, without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, customer complaints or negative publicity related to our website, products, product delivery times, customer data handling, marketing efforts, data privacy or security practices, or customer support, especially on blogs and social media websites, could diminish customer loyalty and customer engagement.
Further, laws and regulations, including associated enforcement priorities, rapidly evolve to govern social media platforms and other internet-based communications, and any failure by us, our ambassadors, or other third parties acting at our direction or on our behalf to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these platforms could subject us to regulatory investigations, class action lawsuits, liability, fines, or other penalties. Other risks associated with the use of social media and internet-based communication include improper disclosure of proprietary information, negative comments about our brand or products, exposure of confidential or personal information, fraud, hoaxes, or malicious dissemination of false information. Damage to the brand image and our reputation could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Legislative and regulatory action is emerging in the area of AI, which could increase costs or restrict opportunity. For example, in the EU, the AI Act (the “EU AI Act”), on which the European Council and Parliament reached political agreement in December 2023, is expected to be enacted in 2024. The proposed EU AI Act would classify various types of AI systems based on risk, establish corresponding compliance obligations (including transparency and risk assessment requirements), restrict certain uses of AI systems and impose fines for violations. The EU AI Act could require us to alter or restrict our use of AI in our business as well as entail increased compliance costs, and could result in an increased risk of civil claims or regulatory actions against us, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the SEC is increasingly focused on companies that use AI and related technologies, and related enforcement actions may increase, including outside the financial sector.
We rely on single source suppliers for certain component materials of our products and the loss of suppliers or shortages or disruptions in the supply of raw materials or finished products could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Certain of the component materials used in our products rely on a single or a limited number of suppliers. We acquire raw material and packaging from third-party suppliers and our finished products are assembled by third-party suppliers. In the past, we have been able to obtain an adequate supply of our finished products on a purchase order basis and currently believe we have an adequate supply for virtually all components of our products. However, we may encounter supply issues with raw materials due to increases in global demand and limited supply capacity. If our finished product suppliers are unable to perform, or our relationship with a supplier is terminated, and we are required to find alternative sources of supply, these new suppliers may have to be qualified under applicable industry, governmental, and our own vendor standards, which can require additional investment and be time-consuming. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to establish alternative relationships with suppliers on similar terms, without delay or at all, that they will be able to supply the same product formulations, or that those alternative relationships will provide an adequate supply.
We are also subject to other risks inherent in the manufacturing of our products and their supply chain, including industrial accidents, natural disasters (including as a result of climate change), environmental
 
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events, strikes and other labor disputes, capacity constraints, disruptions in ingredient, material, or packaging supplies, as well as global shortages, disruptions in supply chain or information technology, loss or impairment of key manufacturing sites or suppliers, product quality control, safety, increase in commodity prices and energy costs, licensing requirements and other regulatory issues, as well as natural disasters and other external factors over which we have no control. If such an event were to occur, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We believe our third-party suppliers have adequate resources and facilities to overcome many unforeseen interruptions of supply. However, the inability of our suppliers to provide an adequate supply of finished products and materials used in our products or the loss of any of these suppliers and any difficulties in finding or transitioning to alternative suppliers would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Changes in the financial or business condition of our suppliers could subject us to losses or adversely affect our ability to bring products to market. Further, the failure of our suppliers to deliver goods and services in sufficient quantities, in compliance with applicable standards, and in a timely manner could adversely affect our customer service levels, brands, and overall business. If we experience supply shortages, price increases, or regulatory impediments with respect to the raw materials, ingredients, components, or packaging we use for our products, we may need to seek alternative supplies or suppliers and may experience difficulties in finding replacements that are comparable in quality and price. In addition, in order to meet demand, we may be required to reformulate or substitute ingredients in our products due to shortages of specific raw materials. If we are unable to successfully respond to such issues, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.
The majority of our suppliers are located in the United States, Italy, China, and Taiwan. Any interruptions in operations at these locations could result in our inability to satisfy product demand. Despite efforts by our suppliers to safeguard their facilities, a number of factors could damage or destroy the manufacturing equipment or our inventory component of supplies or finished goods, cause substantial delays in manufacturing, supply and distribution of our products, result in the loss of key information, and cause us to incur additional expenses, including:
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operating restrictions, partial suspension, or total shutdown of production imposed by regulatory authorities;
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equipment malfunctions or failures;
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•
technology malfunctions;
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work stoppages;
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•
damage to or destruction of the facility due to natural disasters including wildfires, earthquakes, or other events; or
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•
regional or local power shortages.
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The vast majority of our raw material suppliers are located outside of both the United States and Israel, and as a result, we are subject to risks associated with doing business abroad, including:
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the imposition of new laws and regulations, including those relating to labor conditions, quality and safety standards, imports, duties, taxes, and other charges on imports, as well as trade restrictions and restrictions on currency exchange or the transfer of funds;
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political unrest, terrorism, labor disputes, and economic instability resulting in the disruption of trade from foreign countries in which our products are manufactured;
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reduced protection for intellectual property rights, including trademark protection, in certain countries;
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disruptions or delays in shipments whether due to port congestion, labor disputes, product regulations and/or inspections or other factors, natural disasters, or health pandemics, or other transportation disruptions; and
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the impact of health conditions, and related government and private sector responsive actions, and other changes in local economic conditions in countries where our suppliers or customers are located.
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While we maintain business interruption insurance that we believe is appropriate for our operations, our insurance may not cover losses in any particular case, or insurance may not be available on commercially reasonable terms to cover certain of these catastrophic events or interruptions. In addition, regardless of the level of insurance coverage, damage to these facilities or any disruption that impedes our ability to manufacture our products in a timely manner could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
These and other factors beyond our control could interrupt our suppliers’ production in offshore facilities, influence the ability of our suppliers to export our products cost-effectively or at all, and inhibit our suppliers’ ability to procure certain materials, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we are unable to accurately forecast customer demand, manage our inventory, and plan for future expenses, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We base our current and future inventory needs and expense levels on our operating forecasts and estimates of future demand. To ensure adequate inventory supply, we must be able to forecast inventory needs and expenses and place orders sufficiently in advance with our suppliers, based on our estimates of future demand for particular products. Failure to accurately forecast demand may result in inefficient inventory supply or increased costs. This risk may be exacerbated by the fact that we may not carry a significant amount of inventory and may not be able to satisfy short-term demand increases. Accordingly, if we fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale. Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs or the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which would cause our gross margins to suffer and could impair the strength and premium nature of our brands. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand, including as a result of unanticipated growth, our suppliers may not be able to deliver products to meet our requirements, and we may be subject to higher costs in order to secure the necessary production capacity or we may incur increased shipping costs. An inability to meet customer demand and delays in the delivery of our products to our customers could result in reputational harm and damaged customer relationships, harm our brands, cash flows, and prospects for growth, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Moreover, while we devote significant attention to forecasting efforts, the volume, timing, value, and type of the orders we receive are inherently uncertain. In addition, we cannot be sure the same growth rates, trends, and other key performance metrics are meaningful predictors of future growth. Our business, as well as our ability to forecast demand, is also affected by general global economic and business conditions and the degree of customer confidence in future economic conditions, and we anticipate that our ability to forecast demand due to these types of factors will be increasingly affected by conditions in international markets. A significant portion of our expenses is fixed, and as a result, we may be unable to adjust our spending in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in revenue. Any failure to accurately predict revenue or gross margins could cause our operating results to be lower than expected, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our recent rapid growth may not be sustainable or indicative of future growth, and we expect our growth rate to ultimately slow over time.
We have recently experienced significant and rapid growth. Our historical rate of growth may not be sustainable or indicative of our future rate of growth, and in future periods, our revenue could grow more slowly than we expect or decline. We believe that continued growth in revenue, as well as our ability to improve or maintain margins and profitability, will depend upon, among other factors, our ability to address the challenges, risks, and difficulties described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to successfully manage any such challenges or risks to our future growth. Any of these factors could cause our revenue growth to slow or decline and may adversely affect our margins and profitability. Even if our revenue continues to increase, we expect that our growth rate may slow for a number of other reasons, including if there is a slow-down in the growth of demand for our products, increased competition, a decrease in the growth or reduction in the size of our overall market, or if we cannot capitalize on growth opportunities. Failure to continue to grow our revenue or improve or maintain
 
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margins would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. You should not rely on our historical rate of growth as an indication of our future performance.
We operate in highly competitive categories.
We face competition from beauty and wellness companies throughout the world, including multinational consumer product companies. Most of our competitors have greater resources than we do, some others are newer companies and some are competing in distribution channels or territories where we are not yet active or are less represented. Our competitors also may be able to respond to changing business and economic conditions more quickly than we can due to larger research and development operations, manufacturing capabilities, and sales forces. Competition in the beauty and wellness industry is based on a variety of factors, including innovation, technology, effectiveness of beneficial attributes, accessible pricing, service to the consumer, promotional activities, marketing, special events, new brand and product introductions, e-commerce initiatives, and other activities. It is difficult for us to predict the timing and scale of our competitors’ actions in these areas.
Our ability to compete also depends on the continued strength of our brands and products, our ability to attract and retain key talent and other personnel, the influence of social media content creators, the efficiency of our third-party manufacturing facilities and distribution network, our relationships with our customers, our ability to continue to innovate in online technology to match customers with the adequate products from our offerings, and our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights used in our business. We believe we have a well-recognized and strong reputation in our core markets and that the quality and performance of our products, our emphasis on innovation, and engagement with our professionals and customer base position us to compete effectively. However, if our reputation is adversely affected, our ability to attract and retain customers would be impacted. In addition, certain of our suppliers may have agreements with companies that market and sell competing brands and, as a result, our ability to compete may be affected. Our inability to continue to compete effectively in key countries around the world would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The fluctuating cost of raw materials could increase our cost of goods sold and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
While we have not in the past experienced material fluctuations or volatility in the cost of raw materials required to make our products, we may in the future experience such fluctuations, including for reasons beyond our control. The costs for raw materials may be affected by, among other things, competition, supply and distribution challenges, weather, customer demand, speculation on the commodities market, the relative valuations and fluctuations of the currencies of producer versus consumer countries, and other factors that are generally unpredictable and beyond our control. Increases in the cost of raw materials could increase our costs of goods sold, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The illegal distribution and sale by third parties of counterfeit versions of our products or the unauthorized diversion by third parties of our products could have an adverse effect on our net revenue and a negative impact on our reputation and business.
Third parties have in the past and may in the future illegally distribute and sell counterfeit versions of our products. These counterfeit products may be inferior in terms of quality and other characteristics compared to our authentic products and/or the counterfeit products could pose safety risks that our authentic products would not otherwise present to consumers. Consumers could confuse counterfeit products with our authentic products, which could damage or diminish the image, reputation and/or value of our brand, and cause consumers to refrain from purchasing our products in the future, which could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Shipping is a critical part of our business and any changes in, or disruptions to, our shipping arrangements could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We currently rely on third-party global providers to deliver our products. If we are not able to negotiate acceptable pricing and other terms with these providers, or if these providers experience capacity restraints,
 
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performance problems, or other difficulties in processing our orders or delivering our products to customers, it could negatively impact our results of operations and our customers’ experience. For example, changes to the terms of our shipping arrangements or the imposition of surcharges or surge pricing may adversely impact our margins and profitability. In addition, our ability to receive inbound inventory efficiently and ship products to customers in a timely manner may be negatively affected by factors beyond our and these providers’ control, including inclement weather, fire, flood, power loss, earthquakes, acts of war or terrorism or other events specifically impacting other shipping partners, such as labor shortages or disputes, container shortages, financial difficulties, system failures, and other disruptions to the operations of the shipping companies on which we rely.
The shipping industry is also currently experiencing issues with port congestion, port closures and ship diversions. Labor disputes among freight carriers and at ports of entry are common, and we expect labor unrest and its effects on shipping our products to be a challenge for us. A port worker strike, work slow-down, or other transportation disruption at ports of entry could significantly disrupt our business. We have experienced shipping disruptions due to multiple factors brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as supply and demand imbalance, a shortage of truck drivers, transport equipment (tractors and trailers), and other causes, which have resulted in heightened congestion, bottleneck, and gridlock, leading to abnormally high transportation delays. The shipping industry has experienced some recovery from the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, but challenges remain. Delays in e-commerce shipping could also cause some customers to stop shopping with us and instead make purchases with our competitors that have larger physical retail footprints. If significant disruptions continue, we could experience significant disruptions in our business, delays in shipments, and profitability shortfalls, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The global shipping industry is also experiencing disruptions due to various factors, including the rerouting of shipping away from the Suez Canal due to attacks by Houthi militants from Yemen on commercial shipping vessels in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, which has caused a substantial increase in rates for some shipping routes. Similarly, supply chain disruptions such as those described in the preceding paragraphs may lead to an increase in transportation costs. If the products ordered by our customers are not delivered in a timely fashion, including to international customers, or are damaged or lost during the delivery process, our customers could become dissatisfied and cease buying products from us, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, including our employee base and hiring needs, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.
We have expanded our operations rapidly since our founding. To manage our growth effectively, we must continue to implement our operational plans and strategies, implement new brands and products, improve and expand our infrastructure of people and information systems, and expand, train and manage our employee base. To support our continued growth, we must effectively integrate, develop, and motivate a large number of new employees. We face significant competition for personnel, including in New York, Boston, Israel, and Ukraine. To attract top talent, we may need to increase our employee compensation levels to remain competitive in attracting and retaining talented employees. Further, to support our growth, we could be required to continue to expand our sales and marketing, technology development, brand implementation, product development, and distribution functions, to upgrade our management information systems and other processes and technology and to obtain more space for our expanding workforce. Additionally, the growth of our business places significant demands on our existing management and other employees.
In addition, we are required to manage relationships with a growing number of customers, suppliers, distributors and other third parties. If we are unable to expand supply, manufacturing, and distribution capabilities when required, or our information technology systems and our other processes are inadequate to support the future growth of these relationships, we could experience delays in customer service, order response, and shipping times, which would adversely impact our reputation and brands. If we are unable to manage the growth of our organization effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
 
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A general economic downturn, or sudden disruption in business conditions may affect consumer purchases of discretionary items and/or the financial strength of our customers, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The general level of consumer spending is affected by a number of factors, including general economic conditions, inflation, interest rates, energy costs, and consumer confidence generally, all of which are beyond our control. Consumer purchases of discretionary items tend to decline during recessionary periods, when disposable income is lower, and may impact sales of our products.
Sudden disruptions in local or global business conditions from events such as a pandemic or other health issues, geo-political or local conflicts, civil unrest, terrorist attacks, adverse weather conditions, climate changes, or seismic events, can have a short-term and, sometimes, long-term impact on consumer spending, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Moreover, a downturn in the economies of, or continuing recessions in, the countries where we manufacture or sell our products, or a sudden disruption of business conditions in those countries, could adversely affect consumer confidence, the financial strength of our distributors, and, in turn, our sales and profitability.
Volatility in the financial markets and a related economic downturn in key markets or markets generally throughout the world could have an adverse effect on our business. We may need or choose to seek additional financing to operate or expand our business, and deterioration in global financial markets or an adverse change in our credit ratings could make future financing difficult or more expensive.
Our corporate culture is a key contributor to our success. Accordingly, we depend on our executive leadership team and other key employees, and the loss of the services of our co-founders, who are also our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Product Officer, or of other key employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our success and future growth depend largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key employees in the areas of technology, research and development, marketing, finance, sales, products, and general administrative functions, including our co-founders, Mr. Holtzman and Ms. Holtzman-Erel, who also serve as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Product Officer, respectively.
From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team or other key employees resulting from the hiring or departure of these personnel. Our executive officers and other key employees are employed on an at-will basis, which means that these personnel could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, or the failure by our executive team to effectively work with our employees and lead our company, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We also are dependent on the continued service of existing employees in our technology area because of the complexity of our technology.
To execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for personnel is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing technology. If we are unable to attract such personnel remotely or in cities where we are located, we may need to hire in other locations which may add to the complexity and costs of our business operations. From time to time, we have experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources.
We also believe that our culture has been and will continue to be a key contributor to our success. We expect to continue to hire aggressively as we expand, and we will need to maintain our culture among a larger number of employees, dispersed across various geographic regions. If we do not continue to maintain our corporate culture as we grow, we may be unable to foster the innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurial spirit we believe we need to support our growth. The continued growth and expansion of our business may also result in changes to our corporate culture, which could harm our ability to attract, recruit, and retain employees, as well as our business and our prospects for future growth.
 
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In addition, prospective and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the amount or value of equity awards offered to employees is perceived to be less favorable than equity awards offered by other companies with whom we compete for talent, or the perceived value of our equity awards declines, experiences significant volatility, or increases such that prospective employees believe there is limited upside to the value of our equity awards, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain key employees. Failure to manage our employee base and hiring needs effectively, including successfully integrating our new hires, may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we do not continue to successfully introduce and effectively market new brands, or develop and introduce new, innovative, and updated products, our ability to continue to grow may be adversely affected and we may not be able to maintain or increase our sales and profitability. Difficulty in forecasting may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
A key element of our growth strategy depends on our ability to develop and market new brands that meet our standards for quality and appeal to our customers. The success of our innovation and product development efforts is affected by our ability to successfully leverage consumer data, the technical capability of our innovation staff, developing and testing product formulas and prototypes, our ability to comply with applicable governmental regulations, and the success of our management and sales and marketing teams in introducing and marketing new brands. There can be no assurance that we will successfully develop and market new brands that appeal to consumers. Any such failure may lead to a decrease in our growth, sales, and ability to achieve profitability, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Additionally, the development and introduction of new brands requires substantial marketing expenditures, which we may be unable to recoup if new brands do not gain widespread market acceptance. If we are unsuccessful in meeting our objectives with respect to new or improved brands, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Furthermore, our success depends in part on our ability to anticipate and react to changing consumer demands for existing products in a timely manner. All of our products are subject to changing consumer preferences that cannot be predicted with certainty. If we do not continue to introduce new products or innovations on existing products in a timely manner or our new brands or products are not accepted by our customers, or if our competitors introduce similar products in a more timely fashion, our brand or our market position could be harmed.
Additionally, our new products and innovations on existing and future products may not receive the same level of consumer acceptance as our products have in the past. Our failure to anticipate and respond in a timely manner to changing consumer preferences could lead to, among other things, lower sales, excess inventory or inventory shortages, markdowns and write-offs, and diminished brand loyalty. Even if we are successful in anticipating consumer needs and preferences, our ability to adequately address those needs and preferences will in part depend upon our continued ability to develop and introduce innovative, high quality products and maintain our distinctive brand identity as we expand the range of products we offer.
New brand implementations and product offerings may generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing for the new brand or product or current products, which can result in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter and skew year-over-year comparisons. These offerings may also increase our product return rate. We may experience difficulty effectively managing growth associated with the launch of new brands and products. If we are unable to accurately forecast sales levels in each market for brand or product launches, we may incur higher expedited shipping costs and we may temporarily run out of stock of certain products, which could negatively impact our relationships with customers. Conversely, if demand does not meet our expectations for a product launch or ongoing product sales or if we change our planned launch strategies or initiatives, we could incur inventory write-downs.
A failure to effectively introduce new brands, products, or innovations on existing products that appeal to our customers, or a failure to forecast accurately, could result in a decrease in revenue and excess inventory levels, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
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We have experienced in the past, and expect to continue to experience, seasonal fluctuations in our revenue.
If we fail to accommodate increased volumes during peak seasons and events, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. Our revenue is typically highest in the first quarter of the calendar year, and our revenue will generally decline in the third and fourth quarter of each calendar year relative to the first and second quarter of each calendar year. Any disruption in our products, especially during the first quarter, could have a negative effect on our financial condition, and results of operations. Surges in volumes during peak periods may strain our technological infrastructure and support activities which may reduce our revenue and the attractiveness of our products. Any disruption to our operations could lead to a material decrease in revenue relative to our expectations for the first quarter, which could result in a significant shortfall in revenue and operating cash flows for the full year, and may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be unable to maintain profitability.
We began our U.S. operations in 2018 and achieved profitability in 2020. We expect our operating expenses to increase in the future as we increase our sales and marketing efforts, continue to invest in launching new brands and developing new products, hire additional personnel, expand our operating infrastructure, and expand into new geographies. Further, as a public company, we incur additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. These efforts and additional expenses may be more costly than we expect, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to increase our revenue to offset our increased operating expenses. Our revenue growth may slow for a number of other reasons, including if we experience reduced demand for our products, increased competition, a decrease in the growth or reduction in the size of our overall market, or if we cannot capitalize on growth opportunities. If our revenue does not increase at a greater rate than our operating expenses, we will not be able to maintain our current level of profitability.
We have a limited operating history at our current scale, which may make it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects.
We have a limited history of generating revenue at our current scale. As a result, we have limited financial data that can be used to evaluate our business and future prospects. Any evaluation of our business and prospects must be considered in light of our limited operating history, which may not be indicative of future performance. Because of our limited operating history, we face increased risks, uncertainties, expenses, and difficulties, including the risks and uncertainties discussed in this section.
We plan to continue to expand into additional international markets, which will expose us to new and significant risks.
Our future growth depends in part on our expansion efforts into new international markets. We also have limited experience with regulatory environments and market practices outside of Israel and the United States and cannot guarantee that we will be able to penetrate or successfully operate in any market outside of Israel and the United States. In connection with our expansion efforts, we may encounter obstacles we do not currently face, including cultural and linguistic differences, differences in regulatory environments and market practices, difficulties in keeping abreast of market, business, and technical developments, and foreign consumers’ tastes and preferences.
We may also encounter difficulty expanding into new markets because of limited brand recognition in those markets, leading to delayed acceptance of our products by consumers there. In particular, we have no assurance that our marketing efforts will prove successful outside of the Israel and the United States. The expansion into new markets may also present competitive, technological, forecasting, and distribution challenges that are different from or more severe than those we currently face. There are also other risks and costs inherent in doing business in international markets, including:
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the need to adapt and localize products for specific countries to account for, among other things, different cultural tastes, size and fit preferences, or regulatory requirements;
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difficulty establishing and managing international operations and the increased operations, travel, infrastructure, including establishment of local delivery service and customer service operations, and legal compliance costs associated with locations in different countries or regions;
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increased shipping times to and from international markets;
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the need to vary pricing and margins to effectively compete in international markets;
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increased competition from local providers of similar products;
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difficulty obtaining, maintaining, protecting, defending, and enforcing intellectual property rights abroad;
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the need to offer customer services in various languages;
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difficulties in understanding and complying with local laws, regulations, and customs in other jurisdictions;
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compliance with anti-bribery laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), relevant provisions of Israeli Penal Law 5737-1977 (the “Israeli Penal Law”), and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the “U.K. Bribery Act”), by us, our employees, and our business partners;
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complexity and other risks associated with current and future legal requirements in other countries, including legal requirements related to consumer advertising protection, consumer product safety, AI and data privacy and security frameworks, including, but not limited to, the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (“GDPR”), the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”), and the EU AI Act;
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varying business practices and customs related to the sale of beauty and wellness products;
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varying levels of internet technology adoption and infrastructure, and increased or varying network and hosting service provider costs;
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tariffs and other non-tariff barriers, such as quotas and local content rules, as well as tax consequences;
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fluctuations in currency exchange rates and the requirements of currency control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit conversion of other currencies into U.S. dollars; and
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political or social unrest or economic instability in a specific country or region in which we operate, including, for example, the effects of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU (“Brexit”), which could have an adverse impact on our operations in that location. Our failure to successfully manage these risks could harm our international operations and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Our failure to successfully manage these risks could harm our international operations and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our e-commerce channel business faces distinct risks, and our failure to successfully manage those risks could have a negative impact on our profitability.
As an e-commerce retailer, we encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by businesses with significant online sales. The successful operation of our business as well as our ability to provide a positive shopping experience that will generate orders and drive subsequent visits depends on efficient and uninterrupted operation of our e-commerce order-taking and fulfillment operations. If we are unable to allow real-time and accurate information regarding product availability to quickly and efficiently fulfill our customers’ orders using the fulfillment and payment methods they demand, provide a convenient and consistent experience for our customers, or effectively manage our online sales, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be adversely affected. Risks associated with our e-commerce business include:
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uncertainties associated with our websites and in-store systems including changes in required technology interfaces, website downtime and other technical failures, costs, and technical issues as we upgrade our systems software, inadequate system capacity, computer viruses, human error, data breaches and other security incidents, legal claims related to our systems operations, and other challenges with order fulfillment;
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changes in website interfaces, website downtime, and other technical failures;
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disruptions in internet service or power outages;
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reliance on third parties for computer hardware and software, as well as delivery of products to our customers;
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rapid technology changes;
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credit or debit card fraud and other payment processing related issues;
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changes in applicable federal, state, and international regulations;
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liability for online content;
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cybersecurity and data privacy concerns and laws, rules, and regulations; and
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natural disasters or adverse weather conditions.
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Our online sales also expose us to broader applicability of regulations, as well as additional regulations, rules relating to registration of internet sellers, and certain anti-money laundering, trade sanction, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and international trade laws. Compliance problems in any of these areas could result in a reduction in sales, increased costs, sanctions or penalties, and damage to our reputation and brands.
In addition, we must keep up to date with competitive technology trends, including the use of new or improved technology, creative user interfaces, virtual and augmented reality, and other e-commerce marketing tools such as paid search, which may increase our costs and which may not increase sales or attract customers, as intended. Our competitors, some of whom have greater resources than we do, may also be able to benefit from changes in e-commerce technologies, which could harm our competitive position.
We are subject to financial risks as a result of our international operations and investing activities, including exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and the impact of foreign currency restrictions.
Although the majority of our expenses and revenue are incurred in U.S. dollars, some of our revenue and expenses are generated in other currencies, such as the New Israeli Shekel (“NIS”), Euro, Pound Sterling, or Australian dollar. Our exposure to foreign currencies may increase as we expand our business in foreign markets and as a result of our investments in marketable securities, some of which may be denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. As a result, our operating results are subject to fluctuations due to changes in currency exchange rates. In particular, our operating results may be adversely affected if the NIS fluctuates significantly against the U.S. dollar. If we are not able to successfully hedge against the risks associated with currency fluctuations, our operating results could be adversely affected. Although we may engage in transactions intended to reduce our exposure to foreign-currency fluctuations, including financial hedging instruments, there can be no assurance that these transactions will be effective. Complex global political and economic dynamics can affect exchange rate fluctuations. It is difficult to predict future fluctuations and the effect these fluctuations may have upon future reported results or our overall financial condition.
Our investment portfolio may be adversely affected by market conditions and interest rates.
We maintain balances of liquid investments for purposes of financing our operations. Our marketable securities totaled $51.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and consisted of investments in government and corporate debentures. We currently, and expect to continue to, follow an established investment policy and set of guidelines, approved by our board of directors, to monitor and help mitigate our exposure to liquidity and credit risks which set forth credit quality standards and limit our exposure to any one issuer. However, these investments are subject to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks. We may realize losses in the fair value of these investments, which could include a complete loss of these investments, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, should our investments cease paying or reduce the amount of interest paid to us, our interest income would decrease and may adversely affect our financial position and results.
If we do not successfully optimize, operate, and manage the expansion of the capacity of our distribution centers, or if we experience problems with our distribution and warehouse management system, our ability to meet customer expectations, manage inventory, manage inflation, complete sales, and achieve objectives for operating efficiencies could be harmed, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We anticipate the need to add additional distribution center capacity and lease new warehouse space to serve as distribution centers as our business continues to grow. If we continue to add distribution and
 
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warehouse capabilities, add product categories with different fulfillment requirements, or change the mix in products that we sell, our distribution network will become increasingly complex and operating it will become more challenging. The expansion of our distribution center capacity may put pressure on our managerial, financial, operational, and other resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to locate suitable facilities on commercially acceptable terms in accordance with our expansion plans, nor can we assure you that we will be able to recruit qualified managerial and operational personnel to support our expansion plans. In addition, we may be required to expand our capacity sooner than we anticipate. If we are unable to secure new facilities for the expansion of our operations, recruit qualified personnel to support any such facilities, or effectively control expansion-related expenses, our order fulfillment and shipping times may be delayed and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Furthermore, we cannot predict the effect inflation, including wage inflation, may have on our distribution network and our ability to maintain operating efficiencies.
Our distribution centers include computer-controlled and automated equipment and rely on warehouse management systems to manage supply chain fulfillment operations, which means our operations are complicated and may be subject to a number of risks related to cybersecurity, the proper operation of software and hardware, electronic or power interruptions, or other system failures. In addition, our operations could also be interrupted by labor difficulties, or by floods, fires, or other natural disasters near our distribution centers. We maintain business interruption insurance, but it may not adequately protect us from the adverse effects that could result from significant disruptions to our distribution system, such as the long-term loss of customers or an erosion of our brand image. Moreover, if we or our third-party logistics providers are unable to adequately staff our distribution centers to meet demand or if the cost of such staffing is higher than it has been historically or projected costs increase due to mandated wage increases, regulatory changes, hazard pay, international expansion, or other factors, our results of operations could be harmed. In addition, operating distribution centers comes with potential risks, such as workplace safety issues and employment claims for the failure or alleged failure to comply with labor laws or laws respecting union organizing activities. Our distribution capacity is also dependent on the timely performance of services by third parties, including the shipping of our products from our suppliers to our distribution facilities. We may need to operate additional distribution centers in the future to keep pace with the growth of our business, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to locate suitable facilities on commercially acceptable terms in accordance with our expansion plans, nor can we assure you that we will be able to recruit qualified managerial and operational personnel to support our expansion plans. If we encounter problems with our distribution and warehouse management systems, our ability to meet customer expectations, manage inventory and fulfillment capacity, complete sales, fulfill orders in a timely manner, and achieve objectives for operating efficiencies could be harmed, which could also harm our reputation, and our relationship with our customers.
Product returns could harm our business.
We allow our customers to return our products, subject to our return policy. We generally accept product returns for refund or exchange if returned within the applicable return policy deadline. We also have a “Try Before You Buy” program whereby customers choose several similar products for a trial and initially pay only shipping costs, paying only for the products they keep after the trial period. Our net revenue is reported net of discounts and estimated returns. We estimate our liability for product returns based on historical return trends and an evaluation of current economic and market conditions. We record the expected customer refund liability as a reduction to revenue. The introduction of new products, changes in consumer confidence or shopping habits, or other competitive and general economic conditions could cause actual returns to exceed our estimates. If actual return costs differ from previous estimates, the amount of the liability and corresponding revenue are adjusted in the period in which such costs occur. In addition, from time to time, our products may be damaged in transit, which can also increase return rates. Moreover, due to the nature of our products, we do not resell returned goods. Competitive pressures could cause us to alter our return policies or our shipping policies, which could result in an increase in damaged products and an increase in product returns. If the rate of product returns increases significantly or if product return economics become less efficient, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 
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Any failure by us or our suppliers to comply with ethical business practices or product safety, labor, or other laws, provide safe conditions for our or their workers, or use or be transparent about ethical business practices may damage our reputation and brand and harm our business.
Operating with integrity is core to our values, which makes our reputation sensitive to allegations of unethical or improper business practices, whether real or perceived. The failure of any of our suppliers to provide safe and humane factory conditions and oversight at their facilities could damage our reputation and brand or result in legal claims against us. We rely on our suppliers’ compliance reporting in order to comply with regulations applicable to our products. This is further complicated by the fact that expectations of ethical business practices continually evolve and may be substantially more demanding than applicable legal requirements.
We do not control our suppliers or their businesses, and they may not comply with our guidelines or applicable law. The products we sell are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), the Federal Consumer Product Safety Commission, the FTC, and similar local and international regulatory authorities from the jurisdictions in which we operate. Product safety, labeling, and licensing concerns may require us to voluntarily remove selected products from our inventory. Such recalls or voluntary removal of products can result in, among other things, lost sales, diverted resources, potential harm to our reputation, and increased customer service costs and legal expenses, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Moreover, failure of our suppliers to comply with applicable laws and regulations and contractual requirements could lead to litigation against us or cause us to seek other vendors, which could increase our costs and result in delayed delivery of our products, product shortages, or other disruptions of our operations.
Ethical business practices are also driven in part by legal developments and by groups active in publicizing and organizing public responses to perceived ethical shortcomings. In addition to evaluating the substance of companies’ practices, such groups also often scrutinize companies’ transparency as to such practices and the policies and procedures they use to ensure compliance by their suppliers and other business partners. If we do not meet the transparency standards expected by parties active in promoting ethical business practices, we may attract negative publicity, regardless of whether the actual labor and other business practices adhered to by us and our independent manufacturers are consistent with ethical business practices. Such negative publicity could harm our brand image, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our sales and profitability may decline if product costs increase or selling prices decrease.
The sales prices for our products may be subject to change for a variety of reasons, including competitive pricing pressures, discounts, anticipation of the introduction of new products, general economic conditions, or changes in our marketing, consumer acquisition, and technology costs and, as a result, we anticipate that we will need to change our pricing model from time to time. In the past, including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have sometimes adjusted our prices in certain situations, and expect to do so from time to time in the future. Moreover, demand for our offerings is price-sensitive. Competition continues to increase in the beauty and wellness industry, and we expect competition to further increase in the future, thereby leading to increased pricing pressures. Larger competitors with more diverse offerings may reduce the price of offerings that compete with ours or may bundle them with other offerings. Similarly, certain competitors may use marketing strategies that enable them to acquire consumers more rapidly or at a lower cost than us, or both, and we may be unable to attract new customers or grow and retain our customer base based on our historical pricing. As we develop and introduce new brands and products, as well as integrations, capabilities, and other enhancements, we may need to, or choose to, revise our pricing. We may also face challenges setting prices for new and existing products in any new geographies into which we expand. There can be no assurance that we will not be forced to engage in price-cutting initiatives or to increase our marketing and other expenses to attract customers in response to competitive or other pressures. Any decrease in the sales prices for our products, without a corresponding decrease in costs, increase in volume or increase in revenue from our other products, would adversely affect our revenue and gross profit. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our prices and gross profits at levels that will allow us to achieve and maintain profitability.
 
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Our technology platform is at the core of our business, and any decline in demand for our technology occasioned by malfunction, inferior performance, increased competition, or otherwise, will adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our proprietary technology is at the core of our business. Accordingly, market acceptance of our technology platform is critical to our success. If demand for our technology declines, the demand for the associated product sales will also decline. Demand for our technology is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as marketing, continued market acceptance of beauty and wellness technologies by consumers, the timing of new brands and products, alternatives introduced by our competitors, and growth or contraction in our addressable markets. If we are unable to continue to meet consumer demand, or if our technology platform fails to compete effectively, achieve more widespread market acceptance, or meet applicable requirements, then our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.
If we are unable to continue to improve our AI models or if our AI models contain errors or are otherwise ineffective, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Our PowerMatch technology and other technologies used in the commercialization of our products are based on our AI models, and our ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or increase sales of our products to existing customers will depend in large part on our ability to maintain a high degree of accuracy and automation in our advanced computer vision and on our other algorithms and technologies. As with many developing technologies, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect our products’ further development, adoption, use, and therefore, our business. AI algorithms may be flawed, and data sets may be insufficient, of poor quality, or contain biased information. Inappropriate or controversial data practices by data scientists, engineers, and end-users of our systems could impair the acceptance of AI solutions. If the analyses that AI applications assist in producing are deficient or inaccurate, we could be subjected to competitive harm, potential legal liability, and brand or reputational harm. For example, if our AI models fail to accurately analyze facial and hair features, or any of the other components of our advanced computer vision fail, we may experience higher than forecasted returns, and our ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or increase sales of our products to existing customers and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Our AI models are designed to utilize statistical, physics-based, and/or vision-based models to match users to specific products with high accuracy. However, it is possible that our AI models may prove to be less accurate than we expect, or than they have been in the past, for a variety of reasons, including inaccurate assumptions or other errors made in building or training such models, incorrect interpretations of the results of such models, and failure to timely update model assumptions and parameters. Further, the successful performance of our AI models relies on the ability to constantly review and process large amounts of data. If we are unable to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or increase sales of our products to existing customers, the amount of data reviewed and processed by our AI models will be reduced or fail to grow at a pace that will allow us to continue to maintain or improve the accuracy and efficiency of our AI models. Additionally, such models may not be able to effectively account for matters that are inherently difficult to predict or are otherwise beyond our control, such as personal preferences that may not align with AI data. Material errors or inaccuracies in such AI models could lead us to make inaccurate or sub-optimal operational or strategic decisions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our proprietary AI models rely in part on the use of our customers’ data and other third-party data, and if we lose the ability to use such data, or if such data contain inaccuracies, our business could be adversely affected.
Our proprietary AI models are statistical models built using a variety of data-sets. Our AI models rely on a wide variety of data sources, including data collected from our customers and, in some cases, data collected from third parties. Such data may have restrictions on how it may be used, including, for example, restrictions on the collection, use, or other processing of data from certain jurisdictions. If we are unable to access and use data collected from our customers as part of our PowerMatch process, or other third-party data used in our AI models, or if our access to such data is limited, for example, due to new or changing
 
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laws, rules, or regulations, or policies of third parties, our ability to accurately evaluate potential transactions, detect fraud, and verify customers’ data would be compromised.
In addition, if third-party data used to train and improve our AI models is inaccurate, or access to such third-party data is limited or becomes unavailable to us, our ability to continue to improve our AI models would be adversely affected. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives available to the third-party data we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to migrate to other third-party data. Our use of additional or alternative third-party data would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties. In addition, integration of the third-party data used in our AI models with new third-party data may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Any of the foregoing could negatively impact our product offerings and our relationships with our customers, impair our ability to grow our customer base, subject us to financial liabilities, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to offer high quality customer support, or we are unable to achieve or maintain a high level of customer satisfaction, demand for our products could suffer.
We believe that our future revenue growth depends, in part, on our ability to provide customers with quality service that meets or exceeds our customers’ evolving needs and expectations, and is conducive to our ability to continue to sell new products to customers. The importance of high quality customer support will increase as we expand our business. We are not always able to provide our customers with this level of service, and our customers occasionally encounter challenges in our customer support, including as a result of human error, outages, errors, or bugs in our software or third-party software. If we do not help our customers quickly resolve issues and provide effective ongoing support, or we are unable to achieve or maintain a high level of customer satisfaction, we could experience more complaints from customers, lower than expected repeat purchases, disputes and additional costs, or negative publicity, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may need additional capital, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available on favorable terms, if at all.
Historically, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures primarily through equity issuances, borrowings under our credit facilities and cash generated from our operations. Although we currently anticipate that our available funds and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for the foreseeable future, we may require additional financing and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain financing will depend on, among other things, our development efforts, business plans, operating performance, and the condition of capital markets at the time we seek financing. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked, or convertible debt securities, to fund operations, or on an opportunistic basis, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of our Class A ordinary shares, or may require us to agree to restrictive covenants or unfavorable terms, and our existing shareholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests. Any debt financing we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants that may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, enter into mergers or consolidations, dispose of assets, pay dividends, make acquisitions, and make investments, loans, and advances. These restrictions may affect our ability to grow in accordance with our strategy, limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate our business, including during economic or business downturns, and limit our ability to compete effectively or take advantage of new business opportunities. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth, scale our infrastructure, develop product enhancements, and respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory, and Tax Matters
Disputes and other legal or regulatory proceedings could adversely affect our financial results.
From time to time, we have been and may in the future become involved in litigation, other disputes, or regulatory proceedings in connection with or incidental to our business, including litigation related to
 
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intellectual property, regulatory matters, contract, advertising, and other claims. In general, claims made by us or against us in litigation, disputes, or other proceedings can be expensive and time consuming to bring or defend against and could result in settlements, injunctions, or damages that could significantly affect our business. It is not possible to predict the final resolution of the litigation, disputes, or proceedings to which we currently are or may in the future become party to. Regardless of the final resolution, such proceedings may have an adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition, and business, including by utilizing our resources and potentially diverting the attention of our management from the operation of our business. See the section titled “Business — Legal Proceedings.”
Our products are subject to U.S. federal, state, and international laws, regulations, and policies that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our business is subject to numerous laws, regulations, and policies around the world, including but not limited to, the United States, Israel, the U.K., the EU European Union (the “EU”), and Australia. Many of these laws and regulations have a high level of subjectivity, are subject to interpretation and vary significantly from market to market. These laws and regulations can have several impacts on our business, including:
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delays in or prohibitions of selling a product in one or more markets;
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limitations on our ability to import products into a market;
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delays and expenses associated with compliance, such as record keeping, documentation of the properties of certain products, labeling, and scientific substantiation;
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limitations on the labeling and marketing claims we can make regarding our products; and
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limitations on the substances that can be included in our products, resulting in product reformulations, or the recall and discontinuation of certain products that cannot be reformulated to comply with new regulations.
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These events could interrupt the marketing and sale of our products, cause us to be subject to product liability claims, severely damage our brand reputation and image in the marketplace, increase the cost of our products, cause us to fail to meet customer expectations, or cause us to be unable to deliver products in sufficient quantities or sufficient quality, which could result in lost sales.
Before we can market and sell our products in certain jurisdictions, the applicable local governmental authority may require evidence of the safety of our products, which may include testing of individual ingredients at relevant levels. For example, the use of dihydroxyacetone (“DHA”) as a color additive in self-tanning products must comply with the FDA regulations that impose strict limitations on impurities. Additionally, the FDA encourages testing talc and talc-containing cosmetics for the presence of asbestos. Similarly in the EU, further to an opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (“SCCS”), DHA was added on July 5, 2021 to the list of restricted substances. The use of DHA is not prohibited in self-tanning products (i.e., lotion and face cream) subject to a maximum concentration of 10%. Since January 26, 2022, self-tanning products containing DHA that do not comply with the restrictions can no longer be placed on the EU market and since April 22, 2022, such products can no longer remain on the EU market. Delays in or prohibition of selling our products, or the need to reformulate the ingredients used in our products, could have an adverse effect on our existing business and future growth.
Additionally, on July 19, 2023, the EU Commission published EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 2023/1490 (the “EU Cosmetics Regulation”), amending EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. We do not expect the recent amendments to have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. However, any further revisions or amendments to the EU Cosmetics Regulation may have a significant impact on the EU cosmetics industry in the long term and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation in the future.
Additional laws, regulations, and policies, and changes, new interpretation, or enforcement thereof, that affect our business could adversely affect our financial results. These include accounting standards, laws and regulations relating to tax matters, trade, intellectual property, data privacy and security, anti-corruption, advertising, marketing, manufacturing, distribution, customs matters, product registration,
 
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ingredients, chemicals, packaging, selective distribution, environmental, or climate change matters. Changes may require us to reformulate or discontinue certain of our products or revise our product packaging or labeling, any of which could result in, among other things, increased costs to us, delays in our product launches, product returns or recalls, and lower net revenue, and therefore could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Government regulation, both in the United States and internationally, of the internet and e-commerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes or failure by us to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to general business regulations and laws as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the internet and e-commerce. Existing and future regulations and laws could impede the growth of the internet, e-commerce, or mobile commerce, which could in turn adversely affect our growth. These regulations and laws may involve taxes, tariffs, intellectual property, data privacy and security, anti-spam, content protection, electronic contracts and communications, consumer protection, and internet neutrality. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales, and other taxes and consumer privacy apply to the internet as the vast majority of these laws were adopted prior to the advent of the internet and do not contemplate or address the unique issues raised by the internet or e-commerce. It is possible that general business regulations and laws, or those specifically governing the internet or e-commerce, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. We cannot be sure that our practices comply fully with all such laws and regulations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation, a loss in business, and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities, consumers, suppliers, or others. Any such proceeding or action could hurt our reputation, force us to spend significant amounts in defense of these proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, decrease the use of our website by consumers, and may result in the imposition of monetary liabilities. We may also be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of our own non-compliance with any such laws or regulations. As a result, adverse developments with respect to these laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
As the regulatory framework for AI technology evolves, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Our business relies on AI and automated decision making to improve our services and tailor our interactions with our customers. However, in recent years, use of these methods has come under increased regulatory scrutiny, and the regulatory framework for AI technology is evolving and remains uncertain. For example, several U.S. states have recently introduced consumer protection legislation imposing additional compliance requirements on companies using artificial intelligence in connection with their products and services, including those that involve automated decision making based on consumer information. If passed, these may increase costs and restrict our opportunities and the development or deployment of our products and technology in these states, and could result in liability for failure to comply with applicable laws. Given our global reach, we may also become subject to foreign regulation regarding AI, which could increase costs or restrict opportunity. For example, as noted above, the EU AI Act is being considered and may in the future entail increased costs or otherwise limit opportunities for our products and technology.
It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and in non-U.S. jurisdictions, or that existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that would affect the operation of our e-commerce business and the way in which we can use AI technology. Specifically, such laws and regulations may limit our ability to use our AI models or require us to make changes to our operations that may decrease our operational efficiency, result in an increase to operating costs, or hinder our ability to improve our services. Further, the cost to comply with such laws, rules, or regulations could be significant and would increase our operating expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with AI technology-related laws, rules, and regulations could result in proceedings or actions against us by individuals, consumer protection groups, government
 
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agencies, or others. We could incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if found liable, pay significant damages or fines or be required to make changes to our business. Further, these proceedings and any subsequent adverse outcomes may subject us to significant negative publicity, and an erosion of trust. If any of these events were to occur, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
Regulatory and legislative developments related to climate change may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Many jurisdictions are developing climate change-based laws or regulations that could cause us to incur additional direct costs for compliance, as well as indirect costs resulting from our suppliers, business partners or other third parties incurring additional compliance costs that they pass onto us. These legal and regulatory requirements, as well as heightened investor expectations surrounding corporate environmental and social responsibility practices and disclosure, are subject to change, may be unpredictable, and may be difficult and expensive for us to comply with. If we are unable to comply, or are unable to cause our suppliers or other third parties to comply, with such policies or provisions or meet the requirements of such laws and regulations, we may be subject to enforcement actions, which could harm our revenue and results of operations or damage our reputation. There is significant uncertainty around the impact of climate change and we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
We could be subject to changes in our tax rates, the enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies, or other changes in tax legislation or policies which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts, and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny, and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions.
As an example, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”), has put forth two proposals — Pillar One and Pillar Two — that revise the existing profit allocation and nexus rules (profit allocation based on location of sales versus physical presence) and ensure a minimal level of taxation, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, more than 140 countries, including Israel and other countries in which we operate, have agreed to enact legislation on Pillar Two and to enforce a minimum global tax rate of 15%. Many countries are expected to implement such legislation in 2024, but it is currently unclear when Israel will do so. These changes, when enacted by various countries in which we do business, may increase our taxes in these countries. As the Pillar Two solution is subject to implementation by each member country, the timing and ultimate impact of any such changes on our tax obligations is uncertain. Such legislative initiatives may materially and adversely affect our plans to expand internationally and may negatively impact our tax liability, financial condition, and results of operations, and could increase our administrative expenses.
Changes in tax treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce may adversely affect the commercial use of our sites and our financial results.
Due to the global nature of the internet, it is possible that various states, municipalities or foreign countries might, as a consequence of their review of the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce and digital services, attempt to impose additional or new regulation on our business or levy additional or new sales, income, or other taxes on us or our customers. For example, following the United States Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc., which held, among other things, that a state may require an out-of-state seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales taxes on goods the seller ships to consumers in the state, many states have adopted Wayfair laws requiring remote sellers to collect and pay sales tax based on transactions that take place in their jurisdictions. Other new or revised taxes and, in particular, digital taxes, sales taxes, VAT, and similar taxes could increase the cost of doing business online and decrease the attractiveness of selling products over the internet. New taxes
 
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and related rulings and regulations could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
As a result of our plans to expand our business operations, including to jurisdictions in which tax laws may not be favorable, our tax obligations may change or fluctuate, become significantly more complex, or become subject to greater risk of examination by taxing authorities, any of which could adversely affect our after-tax profitability and financial results.
We operate currently in several jurisdictions in addition to Israel, including the United States. In the event that our business expands to additional jurisdictions, our effective tax rates may fluctuate widely in the future. Future effective tax rates could be affected by operating losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recorded under U.S. GAAP, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws. Factors that could materially affect our future effective tax rates include, but are not limited to: (i) changes in tax laws or the regulatory environment, (ii) changes in accounting and tax standards or practices, (iii) changes in the composition of operating income by tax jurisdiction, (iv) the imposition of, or changes in laws regarding, indirect taxes such as digital tax, sales tax, and VAT and (v) pre-tax operating results of our business.
Outcomes from audits or examinations by taxing authorities could have an adverse effect on our after-tax profitability and financial condition. Additionally, the Israel Tax Authority and several foreign tax authorities have increasingly focused attention on intercompany transfer pricing with respect to sales of products and services and the use of intangibles. Tax authorities could disagree with our intercompany charges, cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing, or other matters and assess additional taxes. If we do not prevail in any such disagreements, our profitability may be affected.
Our after-tax profitability and financial results may also be adversely affected by changes in relevant tax laws and tax rates, treaties, regulations, administrative practices and principles, judicial decisions, and interpretations thereof, in each case, possibly with retroactive effect.
The tax benefits that are available to us require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.
We believe we are eligible for certain tax benefits provided to a “Preferred Technology Enterprise” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959 (the “Investment Law”). In order to remain eligible for the tax benefits for a “Preferred Technology Enterprise,” we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations, as amended. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income as a “Preferred Technology Enterprise” would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities might not be eligible for inclusion in future Israeli tax benefit programs. See the section titled “Taxation and Government Programs — Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959.”
Government regulations relating to the marketing and advertising of our products may restrict, inhibit, or delay our ability to sell our products and harm our business.
A variety of federal, state, and foreign government authorities regulate the advertising and promotion of our products, including the marketing claims we can make regarding their properties and benefits. In the United States, the FDA regulates our products, which include cosmetics and certain dietary supplements, under differing regulatory regimes, but in each case exercises authority over our marketing claims. While the FDA does not require our products and labeling to undergo pre-market approval, and while the FDA has not approved any of our products or otherwise determined such products to be safe and effective for any intended uses, the FDA and other regulatory agencies require that the labeling and claims for our products be truthful and not misleading. In addition, our cosmetic and dietary supplement products may not be marketed with claims regarding the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions, which would cause such products to meet the definition of a drug and be subject to the requirements applicable to drug products. Similar requirements apply in foreign jurisdictions, including in the EU. The FDA has issued warning letters to cosmetic and dietary supplement companies alleging improper drug claims regarding their products,
 
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including, for example, cosmetic products that make claims regarding hair growth or preventing hair loss. There is a degree of subjectivity in determining whether a labeling or marketing claim is appropriate under these standards. While we believe our product claims are truthful, not misleading, and would not cause our products to be regulated as drugs, there is always a risk that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may determine otherwise, send us a warning letter or untitled letter, require us to modify our product claims, or take other enforcement action. Any inquiry into the regulatory status of our products and any related interruption in the marketing and sale of these products could damage our reputation and image in the marketplace.
Other U.S. regulatory authorities, such as the FTC and state consumer protection agencies, also govern our products and typically require adequate and reliable scientific substantiation to support any marketing claims. This standard for substantiation is subject to interpretation and can vary widely from market to market, and there is no assurance that the research and development efforts that we undertake to support our claims will be deemed adequate for any particular product or claim. The FTC also has specialized requirements for certain types of claims. For example, the FTC’s “Green Guides” regulate how “free-of,” “non-toxic,” and similar claims must be framed and substantiated. It is possible that the FTC could interpret the Green Guides in a manner that does not allow some of our claims or that requires additional substantiation to make them. The FTC also has issued Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising (the “Endorsement Guides”), under which product testimonials must come from “bona fide” users of a product and otherwise reflect the honest opinions, beliefs, or experience of the endorser. Additionally, companies must disclose material connections between themselves and their endorsers and are subject to liability for false or unsubstantiated statements regarding its products made by endorsers including, for example, marketing atypical results of using a product. The FTC actively investigates online product reviews and may bring enforcement actions against a company for failure to comply with applicable requirements for testimonials. Our brand ambassadors may participate in our product launches, take part in media days promoting our products, create product tutorials, and post online reviews of our products, including “before and after” photos. If we or our brand ambassadors fail to comply with the Endorsement Guides or make improper product claims, the FTC could bring an enforcement action against us and we could be fined and/or forced to alter our marketing materials.
Moreover, consumer protection laws and regulations governing our business continue to expand. In some states such as California, class-action lawsuits may be based on similar standards regarding false and misleading advertising and other increasingly novel theories of liability. In addition, plaintiffs’ lawyers have filed class action or false advertising lawsuits against cosmetic companies based on their marketing claims. Federal and state consumer protection agencies are expected to continue their active enforcement of applicable laws and regulations. Any inquiry into the regulatory status of our products and any related interruption in the marketing and sales of these products could damage our reputation and image in the marketplace, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our products are not manufactured in compliance with applicable regulations, do not meet quality standards, or otherwise result in adverse health effects in customers, it could result in reputational harm, remedial costs, or regulatory enforcement.
In the United States, our products regulated as dietary supplements are subject to Good Manufacturing Practices regulations administered by the FDA (“GMPs”), which govern key aspects of the production of dietary supplements, including quality control, packaging and labeling. While the FDA has not promulgated regulations governing GMPs for cosmetics, adherence to recommended GMPs can reduce the risk that FDA finds such products have been rendered adulterated or misbranded in violation of applicable law. The FDA’s draft guidance on cosmetic GMPs, issued June 2013, provides recommendations related to process documentation, recordkeeping, building and facility design, equipment maintenance, and personnel. The FDA also recommends that manufacturers maintain product complaint and recall files and voluntarily report adverse events to the agency. Further, under the Modernization of Cosmetic Regulation Act of 2022, manufacturers of cosmetics will become subject to more onerous FDA obligations once implemented via regulation, including adverse event reporting and record retention requirements, safety substantiation requirements, facility registration requirements, and good manufacturing practice requirements. The FDA has also been granted new enforcement authorities over cosmetics, such as mandatory recall authority, and there will be new cosmetic labeling requirements imposed. In Europe, cosmetic products must be
 
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manufactured in compliance with GMPs requirements. Details on compliance with GMPs must be included in the product information file, of the cosmetic product. Compliance with GMPs is presumed where the manufacture complies with the relevant harmonized standards, which is ISO 22716:2007 for cosmetic products.
We rely on third parties to manufacture our products in compliance with quality standards, including dietary supplement GMPs, the cosmetic GMPs guidelines in the FDA’s draft guidance and similar foreign requirements. Compliance with these standards can increase the cost of manufacturing our products as we work with our vendors to assure they are qualified and in compliance. If we or our suppliers fail to comply with these standards, it could lead to customer complaints, adverse events, product withdrawal or recall, or increase the likelihood that our products are rendered adulterated or misbranded, any of which could result in negative publicity, remedial costs, or regulatory enforcement that could impact our ability to continue selling certain products, and may harm our brands. Problems associated with product recalls could be exacerbated due to the global nature of our business because a recall in one jurisdiction could lead to recalls in other jurisdictions. Recalls of this sort could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Government reviews, inquiries, investigations, and actions could harm our business.
As we operate in various locations around the world, our operations are subject to governmental scrutiny and may be adversely impacted by the results of such scrutiny. The regulatory environment with regard to our business is evolving, and government officials often exercise broad discretion in deciding how to interpret and apply applicable regulations. From time to time, we may receive formal and informal inquiries from various government regulatory authorities, as well as self-regulatory organizations, about our business and compliance with local laws, regulations, or standards. Any determination that our operations or activities, or the activities of our employees, are not in compliance with existing laws, regulations, or standards could negatively impact us in a number of ways, including the imposition of substantial fines, civil and criminal penalties, interruptions of business, loss of supplier, vendor, or other third-party relationships, termination of necessary licenses and permits, modification of business practices and compliance programs, equitable remedies, including disgorgement, injunctive relief, and other sanctions or similar results, all of which could adversely our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if these reviews, inquiries, investigations, and actions do not result in any adverse determinations, they could create negative publicity, which could harm our business and give rise to third-party litigation or action.
If our products are found to be or are perceived to be defective or unsafe, we may be subject to various product liability claims, which could harm our reputation and business.
Our success depends, in part, on the quality and safety of our products. Any loss of confidence on the part of customers in our products or the ingredients used in our products, whether related to product contamination or product safety or quality failures, actual or perceived, environmental impacts, or inclusion of prohibited ingredients, or ingredients that are perceived to be “toxic,” could tarnish the image of our brand and could cause customers to choose other products. In addition, if our products are found to be defective or unsafe, or otherwise fail to meet our customers’ expectations or if our product claims are found to be unfair or deceptive, we may need to recall some of our products and/or become subject to regulatory action, our relationships with customers could suffer, the appeal of one or more of our products could be diminished, and we could lose sales, any of which could result in an adverse effect on our business. For example, we have historically received complaints regarding our products, including complaints alleging adverse side effects, such as mild rashes or itchy skin. We conduct testing of our products and, based on these tests, do not believe that there are any issues with our formulas linked to any widespread adverse effects. However, regardless of their merit, these or future complaints could have a negative impact on the reputation of our products and our brands, cause us to recall or stop selling our products, or lead to increased scrutiny or enforcement action from regulatory authorities, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be subject to product liability claims, including that our products fail to meet quality or manufacturing specifications, contain contaminants, include inadequate instructions as to their proper use, include inadequate warnings concerning side effects and interactions with other substances or for persons with health conditions or allergies, or cause adverse reactions or side effects. Product liability claims could
 
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increase our costs, and adversely affect our business and financial results. As we continue to offer an increasing number of new products through large product offerings our product liability risk may increase.
We maintain product liability insurance and continue to periodically evaluate whether we can and should obtain higher product liability insurance. Based upon our current approach to product liability risk management, if any of our products are found to cause any injury or damage or we become subject to product liability claims, we will be subject to the full amount of liability associated with any injuries or damages.
We are subject to periodic claims and litigation that could result in unexpected expenses and could ultimately be resolved against us.
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation and other proceedings, including matters related to commercial disputes, product liability, intellectual property, data privacy and security, trade, customs laws and regulations, employment, regulatory compliance, and other claims related to our business. See the section titled “Business — Legal Proceedings” for additional information. An unfavorable outcome of any particular proceeding could exceed the limits of our insurance policies, or our insurance carriers may decline to fund such final settlements or judgments or all or part of the legal costs associated with the proceeding, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, any such proceeding could negatively impact our brands and our reputation.
Our employees, customers, suppliers, and other business partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.
We are exposed to the risk that our employees, customers, suppliers, and other business partners may engage in fraudulent or illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless, or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate: (i) the rules of the applicable regulatory bodies; (ii) manufacturing standards; (iii) data privacy, security, and intellectual property laws, rules, or regulations or other similar non-U.S. laws, rules, or regulations; or (iv) laws that require the true, complete, and accurate reporting of financial information or data. These laws may impact, among other things, future sales, marketing, and education programs.
It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent these activities may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions, including the imposition of civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, additional integrity reporting, and oversight obligations. Whether or not we are successful in defending against any such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees, and divert the attention of management in defending.
Our failure to comply with the anti-corruption, trade compliance, anti-money laundering, and terror finance and economic sanctions laws and regulations of the United States and applicable international jurisdictions could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.
We must comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations imposed by governments around the world with jurisdiction over our operations, which may include the FCPA, the Bribery Act, and Chapter 9 (sub-chapter 5) of the Israeli Penal Law, 5737-1977, and the Israeli Prohibition on Money Laundering Law, 5760-2000 (the “Israeli Money Laundering Law” and together with the Israeli Penal Law, the “Israeli Anti-Corruption Laws”), as well as the laws of the countries where we do business. These laws and regulations apply to companies, individual directors, officers, employees, and agents. Where they apply, the FCPA, the Bribery Act, and the Israeli Anti-Corruption Laws prohibit us and our officers, directors, employees, and business partners acting on our behalf, including joint venture partners and agents, from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing, or providing anything of value, directly or indirectly, to public officials for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business or a business advantage or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. The Bribery Act also prohibits non-governmental “commercial” bribery and accepting bribes. The Bribery Act also includes an offense applicable to corporate entities and partnerships
 
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which carry on part of their business in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) that fail to prevent bribery, which can take place anywhere in the world, by persons who perform services for or on behalf of them, subject to a defense of having adequate procedures in place to prevent the bribery from occurring. The offense can render parties criminally liable for the acts of their agents, joint venture partners, or commercial partners even if done without their knowledge. As part of our business, we deal with governments and state-owned business enterprises, the employees and representatives of which may be considered public officials for purposes of anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA, the Bribery Act, and the Israeli Anti-Corruption Laws. We also are subject to the jurisdiction of various governments and regulatory agencies around the world, which may bring our personnel and agents into contact with public officials responsible for issuing or renewing permits, licenses, or approvals or for enforcing other governmental regulations. In addition, some of the international locations in which we operate lack a developed legal system, are in emerging and less developed markets and have elevated levels of corruption and fraud.
Our business also must be conducted in compliance with applicable economic and financial sanctions, trade embargoes, and export controls, such as those administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United Nations Security Council, the State of Israel, the EU, His Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom, and other relevant sanctions and export control authorities.
Our global operations expose us to the risk of violating, or being accused of violating, anti-corruption laws, anti-money laundering laws, economic and financial sanctions, trade embargoes, and export controls. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may expose us to reputational harm as well as significant penalties, including criminal fines, imprisonment, civil fines, disgorgement of profits, injunctions, and debarment from government contracts, as well as other remedial measures. Investigations of alleged violations may result in significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.
U.S. public companies are required to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent their transactions and have an adequate system of internal accounting controls. We have developed and are working to further enhance our internal controls, policies, procedures, and training to ensure compliance by us and our directors, officers, employees, representatives and agents with the FCPA, the Israeli Anti-Corruption Laws, the Bribery Act, and other applicable anti-corruption laws. Despite our compliance efforts and activities, we cannot assure that our controls, policies, and procedures, even if enhanced, have been or will be followed at all times or effectively detect and prevent all violations of the applicable laws and every instance of economic and financial sanctions, anti-money laundering laws, fraud, bribery, or corruption. A violation of these applicable laws could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our ability to source and distribute our products profitably or at all could be harmed if new trade restrictions are imposed or existing trade restrictions become more burdensome.
The majority of our products are currently manufactured outside of the United States. The United States and the countries in which our products are produced or sold internationally have imposed and may impose additional quotas, duties, tariffs, or other restrictions or regulations, or may adversely adjust prevailing quota, duty, or tariff levels. Countries impose, modify, and remove tariffs and other trade restrictions in response to a diverse array of factors, including global and national economic and political conditions, which make it impossible for us to predict future developments regarding tariffs and other trade restrictions. In recent years, the U.S. government has taken steps to address allegations of forced labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China (the “XUAR”), including issuing a number of specific Withhold Release Orders (which ban imports from certain entities or certain categories of ties into the United States) and implementing the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA”), which creates a rebuttable presumption banning imports into the United States of items “mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part” in the XUAR, as well as additional presumptive bans that will be announced later this year. Although we do not knowingly import items from the XUAR, we have a limited number of suppliers based in China, and we do not know what additional items or suppliers may be subject to the presumptive ban in the future. Trade restrictions, including tariffs, quotas, export controls, trade sanctions, embargoes, safeguards, and customs restrictions, could increase the cost or reduce the supply of products available to us or may
 
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require us to modify our supply chain organization or other current business practices, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Existing and potential tariffs imposed by the U.S. government or a global trade war could increase the cost of our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The U.S. government has in recent years imposed increased tariffs on imports from certain foreign countries, and any imposition of additional tariffs by the United States could result in the adoption of tariffs by other countries, leading to a global trade war. While the U.S. government’s recent tariffs on certain imports from China only affect a small portion of our production, any such future tariffs by the United States or other countries could have a significant impact on our business. While we may attempt to renegotiate prices with suppliers or diversify our supply chain in response to tariffs, such efforts may not yield immediate results or may be ineffective. We might also consider increasing prices to the customer; however, this could reduce the competitiveness of our products and adversely affect our net revenue. If we fail to manage these dynamics successfully, gross margins and profitability could be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2023, tariffs have not had a material impact on our business, but increased tariffs or trade restrictions implemented by the United States or other countries in connection with a global trade war could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Existing U.S. federal and state consumer protection laws could impact our advertising and marketing practices and the sale of our products, and potentially subject us to regulatory enforcement or private litigation.
The manufacturing, processing, formulating, packaging, labeling, distributing, selling and advertising of our products are subject to regulation by one or more federal agencies. In particular, the advertising of cosmetics is subject to regulation by the FTC under the Federal Trade Commission Act (the “FTC Act”). Section 5 of the FTC Act prohibits unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive trade acts or practices in or affecting commerce. Section 12 of the FTC Act provides that the dissemination or the causing to be disseminated of any false advertising pertaining to drugs, foods, devices, services, or cosmetics, is an unfair or deceptive act or practice. Under the FTC’s Substantiation Doctrine, an advertiser is required to have a “reasonable basis” for all objective product claims before the claims are made. U.S. State consumer protection laws modeled after the FTC Act impose similar requirements on our business. As such, we are required to have adequate substantiation of all material advertising claims made for our products. Failure to adequately substantiate claims may be considered either deceptive or unfair practices.
In addition, we are subject to review by self-regulatory organizations, such as the Council of Better Business Bureaus’ National Advertising Division (“NAD”). NAD monitors national advertising in all media, enforces high standards of truth and accuracy, and resolves disputes to build consumer trust and support fair competition. NAD reviews advertising based on challenges from businesses, complaints from consumers, or on its own initiative covering a wide variety of both industries and issues. If our advertising claims are challenged before the NAD, we would incur costs associated with responding to the challenge and could be required to modify our claims which could have a negative impact on our business.
Our brand also may be negatively impacted due to real, alleged or perceived quality issues or if consumers perceive us as being irresponsible or untruthful in our marketing and advertising, even if such perceptions are not accurate. The growing use of social and digital media by consumers increases the speed and extent that information and opinions can be shared. Negative posts or comments about us or our brands or products on social or digital media could damage our brand and reputation. If we fail to maintain the favorable perception of our brand, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
We are also subject to certain federal and state laws that apply to automatically renewing subscription services. Our subscriptions automatically renew unless the subscriber cancels the subscription before the end of the current period, and we often provide free or discounted trial periods to customers. The Federal Restore Online Shoppers’ Confidence Act (“ROSCA”), and state law analogues require companies to adhere to enhanced disclosure and cancellation requirements when entering into automatically renewing contracts with subscription customers. Regulators and private plaintiffs have brought enforcement and litigation actions against companies, challenging automatic renewal and subscription programs. If we fail to comply with
 
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ROSCA and its state law analogues, we could incur substantial legal fees and costs and reputational harm. In addition, compliance and remediation efforts can be costly.
Although we believe that we will be in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that, should the FTC or state attorneys general amend their guidelines or impose more stringent interpretations of current laws or regulations, we would be able to comply with these new guidelines. Furthermore, we are unable to predict the nature of such future laws, regulations, interpretations or applications, nor can we predict what effect additional governmental regulations or administrative orders, when and if promulgated, would have on our business in the future.
Risks Related to Data Privacy and Security, Information Technology, and Intellectual Property
Changes in data privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, and standards, including laws, rules, and regulations governing our collection, use, disclosure, retention, transfer, storage, and other processing of personal information, including payment card data, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to federal, state, and international laws, rules, and regulations relating to the collection, use, disclosure, retention, security, transfer, storage, and other processing of personal information and consumer information, including payment card data. The regulatory framework worldwide for data privacy and security issues, particularly as they relate to the use of data in AI, is rapidly evolving and, as a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. For instance, in the EU a proposal for a regulation setting forth harmonized rules on AI is currently being evaluated. If adopted, this new regulation may require us to modify our practices and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. Although we publicly post documentation regarding our practices concerning the use, disclosure, and other processing of data, and we strive to comply with such policies and all applicable laws, rules, regulations, standards, and other legal and contractual obligations, we may at times fail to do so or be perceived to have failed to do so. Our publication of our privacy policy and other statements we publish that provide promises and assurances about data privacy and security can subject us to potential federal, state, local, or foreign action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices. In addition, data privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, standards, and obligations are changing, have differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent between jurisdictions or conflict with other requirements or legal obligations. Any actual or perceived failure by us, our suppliers, or other parties with whom we do business, to comply with this documentation or with other federal, state, local, or foreign laws, rules, and regulations could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are rising, which could damage our reputation, cause our customers to lose trust in us, cause us to cease or change our processing of data, and increase our exposure to liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Additionally, if any third parties we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations also may put personal information at risk and expose us to potential liability and reputational harm. Further, public scrutiny of, or complaints about, technology companies or their data processing or protection practices, even if unrelated to our business, industry, or operations, may lead to increased scrutiny and may cause government agencies to enact additional regulatory requirements, or to modify their enforcement or investigation activities. Any of the foregoing could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
In the United States, there are numerous federal and state data privacy and security laws, rules, and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure, retention, security, transfer, storage, and other processing of personal information, including federal and state data privacy laws, data breach notification laws, and consumer protection laws. For example, the FTC and many state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards for the online collection, use, dissemination, and security of data. Such standards require us to publish statements that describe how we handle personal data and choices individuals may have about the way we handle their personal data. If such information that we publish is considered untrue or inaccurate, we may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences. Moreover, according to the FTC, violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal data secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of
 
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the FTC Act. State consumer protection laws provide similar causes of action for unfair or deceptive practices. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have regularly proposed and sometimes approved, and may propose and approve in the future, self-regulatory standards with which we must legally comply or that contractually apply to us. If we fail to follow applicable security standards even if no consumer information is compromised, we may incur significant fines or experience a significant increase in costs or reputational damage.
Further, U.S. laws in this area are complex and developing rapidly. At the federal level, the United States Congress is also considering various proposals for comprehensive federal data privacy legislation and, while no comprehensive federal data privacy law currently exists, we are subject to applicable existing federal laws and regulations. Many state legislatures have adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy, data security, and data breaches. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly.
For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which became effective in January 2020, gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used by requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers (as that term is broadly defined and may include any of our current or future employees who may be California residents) and provide such residents new ways to opt out of certain sales of personal information. The law also prohibits covered companies from discriminating against California residents (for example, charging more for services) for exercising any of their CCPA rights. The CCPA provides for severe civil penalties for violations as well as a private right of action for data breaches that result in the loss of personal information that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Further, in November 2020, California voters passed the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”). The CPRA, which took effect on January 1, 2023, significantly expands the CCPA, including by introducing additional obligations on covered companies, such as data minimization and storage limitations, granting additional rights to consumers, such as correction of personal information and additional opt-out rights, and creates a new entity, the California Privacy Protection Agency, to implement and enforce the law. The CCPA and CPRA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.
Other jurisdictions in the United States have already passed or are considering laws similar to the CCPA, with potentially greater penalties and more rigorous compliance requirements relevant to our business. For example, in March 2021, the Governor of Virginia signed into law the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (the “VCDPA”). The VCDPA creates consumer rights, similar to the CCPA, but also imposes security and assessment requirements for businesses. Further, under the VCDPA, Virginia residents will have the right to opt out of the sale of their personal data, as well as the right to opt out of the processing of their personal data for targeted advertising. The VCDPA will require us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply with it, which became effective on January 1, 2023. In addition, in June 2021, Colorado enacted the Colorado Privacy Act (the “CPA”), becoming the third comprehensive consumer privacy law to be passed in the United States (after the CCPA and VCDPA). The CPA, which became effective on July 1, 2023, closely resembles the VCDPA, and is enforced by the respective states’ Attorney General and district attorneys. Although the two differ in many ways, we must comply with each if our operations fall within the scope of these newly enacted comprehensive mandates. Similar laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, and the enactment of such laws could have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. These state statutes and other similar state or federal laws may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses.
A number of states have also passed, or may pass in the future, laws that regulate the acquisition, use and storage of biometric information. For example, Illinois’ Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”), prohibits collection of certain biometric data without informed consent and provides for statutory damages of up to $5,000 per customer per violation for intentional violations. As a result, BIPA has been the subject of extensive class action litigation and very substantial settlements. If we collect, use or store biometric
 
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data, we may be, or may become, subject to such laws and regulations, and we may face legal claims or proceedings, regulatory investigations or actions, or other liability in connection with any actual or perceived non-compliance, which could result in an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Further, we currently accept payments using a variety of methods, including credit card, debit card, Amazon Pay, PayPal, and Alternative Payment Models (“APM”). We are subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (“PCI Standard”), issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, with respect to payment card information. The PCI Standard contains compliance guidelines with regard to our security surrounding the physical and electronic storage, processing, and transmission of cardholder data. Compliance with the PCI Standard and implementing related procedures, technology, and information security measures requires significant resources and ongoing attention. Our compliance with the PCI Standard is handled by our third-party payment processors since most of our customer payment information is not stored in our systems. However, we are subject to the risk of changes to or disruption in this provider’s service. We have in the past and may in the future, experience problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology, such as those necessary to achieve compliance with the PCI Standard or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems that may also disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. Any material interruptions or failures in our payment-related systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If there are amendments to the PCI Standard, the cost of re-compliance could also be substantial and we may suffer loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our operations as a result. Additionally, despite our compliance efforts, we may become subject to claims that we have violated the PCI Standard, based on past, present, and future business practices, which could have an adverse impact on our business and reputation.
In addition, as we offer new payment options (such as to customers), we may be subject to additional regulations, compliance requirements, fraud, and other risks. Furthermore, as our business changes, we may be subject to different rules under existing standards, which may require new assessments that involve costs above what we currently pay for compliance. If we fail to comply with the rules or requirements of any provider of a payment method we accept, if the volume of fraud in our transactions limits or terminates our rights to use payment methods we currently accept, or if a data breach or other security incident occurs relating to our payment systems, we may, among other things, be subject to fines or higher transaction fees and may lose, or face restrictions placed upon, our ability to accept credit card payments from customers or facilitate other types of online payments. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments could compromise or breach the algorithms that we use to protect our customers’ transaction data.
We also occasionally receive orders placed with fraudulent data and we may ultimately be held liable for the unauthorized use of a cardholder’s card number in an illegal activity and be required by card issuers to pay charge-back fees. Charge-backs result not only in our loss of fees earned with respect to the payment, but also leave us liable for the underlying money transfer amount. If our charge-back rate becomes excessive, card associations also may require us to pay fines or refuse to process our transactions. In addition, we may be subject to additional fraud risk if third-party service providers or our employees fraudulently use consumer information for their own gain or facilitate the fraudulent use of such information. Overall, we may have little recourse if we process a criminally fraudulent transaction.
Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data privacy and security legal framework with which we must comply, including but not limited to the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), the U.K., and Israel. In the EU, the GDPR went into effect in May 2018. The GDPR has far-reaching extraterritorial effect so that it applies to, amongst others, any business, regardless of its location, that processes personal data of an EEA resident in relation to offering goods or services to such EEA resident. The EEA’s data protection landscape is evolving, resulting in possible significant operational costs for internal compliance and risks to our business. Recent legal developments in the EEA have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EEA to the United States and other so-called third countries outside the EEA. While we have taken steps to mitigate the impact on us, such as implementing the European Commission’s standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”), the efficacy and longevity of these mechanisms remain uncertain. On July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU (the “CJEU”),
 
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invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework (the “Privacy Shield”), under which personal data could be transferred from the EEA to U.S. entities who had self-certified under the Privacy Shield scheme. While the CJEU upheld the adequacy of the SCCs, it made clear that reliance on them alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances. Accordingly, use of the SCCs must now be assessed on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the legal regime applicable in the destination country, in particular, applicable surveillance laws and rights of individuals, and additional technical and organizational measures and/or contractual provisions may need to be put in place. However, the nature of these additional measures is currently uncertain in part as respective guidance of the supervisory authorities leaves room for interpretation. The CJEU went on to state that if a competent supervisory authority believes that the SCCs cannot be complied with in the destination country and the required level of protection cannot be secured by other means, such supervisory authority is under an obligation to suspend or prohibit that transfer. Moreover, the European Commission released an implementation decision for a new set of SCCs on June 7, 2021, which required us to use new SCCs as of September 27, 2021 and replace existing SCCs by December 27, 2022. The revised SCCs apply only to the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA and not the U.K.; the U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office launched a public consultation on its draft revised data transfers mechanisms in August 2021.
Furthermore, the DPF was released on December 13, 2022 to help address concerns raised by the CJEU regarding cross-border data transfers from the EEA to the United States. The European Commission adopted its Adequacy Decision in relation to the DPF on July 10, 2023, making the DPF effective as an EU GDPR transfer mechanism to United States entities self-certified under the DPF. On October 12, 2023, the UK government approved the UK Extension to the DPF, allowing for a UK GDPR data transfer mechanism to United States entities self-certified under the UK Extension. However, the DPF Adequacy Decision may be challenged, and regulators may continue to apply heightened scrutiny to cross-border flows of data to the United States and other jurisdictions. Our operations may be affected as the regulation and enforcement of international data transfer continues to evolve. We may be subject to investigations, fines or complaints; we may be required to cease our use of certain vendors and products; we may be required to implement new internal policies within a specified time frame with regards to data storage, management and transfer; and/or it could otherwise affect our business, our provision of services, and our finances.
These recent developments may require us to review and amend the legal mechanisms by which we transfer personal data from the EEA and the U.K. Other countries have also passed or are considering passing laws requiring local data residency or restricting the internal transfer of data. As supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where the SCCs cannot be used, and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints or regulatory investigations, inquiries, or fines, or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our products, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, the GDPR and the U.K.’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “U.K. GDPR”) impose robust obligations on controllers and processors for the collection, control, use, sharing, disclosure, and other processing of data relating to an identified or identifiable living individual (personal data) and contain documentation and accountability requirements for data protection compliance. These laws require detailed and transparent disclosures about how personal data is collected and processed, grant rights for data subjects to access, delete, or object to the processing of their data, provide for a mandatory breach notification to supervisory authorities (and in certain cases, affected individuals) of certain data breaches, set limitations on the retention of information, and outline significant documentary requirements to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training, and audits. Failure to comply with these obligations can result in significant fines and other liability under applicable law. In particular, under the GDPR, fines of up to EUR 20 million (or GBP 17.5 million under the U.K. GDPR) or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater, could be imposed for violations of certain of the GDPR’s requirements. The GDPR requirements apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our subsidiaries, including employee information.
The withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU also has created uncertainty with regard to the regulation of data protection in the U.K. Since January 1, 2021, when the transitional period following Brexit expired, we
 
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have been required to comply with the GDPR as well as the U.K. GDPR (combining the GDPR and the U.K.’s Data Protection Act of 2018), which exposes us to two parallel regimes, each of which authorizes similar fines and may subject us to increased compliance risk based on differing, and potentially inconsistent or conflicting, interpretation and enforcement by regulators and authorities (particularly, if the laws are amended in the future in divergent ways). With respect to transfers of personal data from the EEA, on June 28, 2021, the European Commission issued an adequacy decision in respect of the U.K.’s data protection framework, enabling data transfers from the member states of the EU, to the U.K. to continue without requiring organizations to put in place contractual or other measures in order to lawfully transfer personal data between the territories. While it is intended to last for at least four years, the European Commission may unilaterally revoke the adequacy decision at any point, and if this occurs, it could lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure.
In addition to the GDPR and U.K. GDPR, the European Commission has another draft regulation in the approval process that focuses on electronic communications. The proposed legislation, known as the Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (“ePrivacy Regulation”), would replace the current ePrivacy Directive (2002/58/EC). Originally planned to be adopted and implemented at the same time as the GDPR, the EU’s Council finalized its draft of the ePrivacy Regulation on February 10, 2021. As the regulation undergoes review in the EU’s Parliament, we may need to spend additional time and effort addressing its additional data privacy requirements. The ePrivacy Regulation includes enhanced consent requirements in order to use communications content and communications metadata, which may negatively impact sales of our products. Under the existing rules in the ePrivacy Directive, informed consent is required for the placement of a cookie or similar technologies on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing. The GDPR also imposes conditions on obtaining valid consent, such as a prohibition on pre-checked consents and a requirement to ensure separate consents are sought for each type of cookie or similar technology. While the ePrivacy Regulation is still under negotiation, recent European court decisions, regulators’ guidance and enforcement actions, and civil proceedings brought by individuals are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. This could require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our fraud detection capabilities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, increase costs, and subject us to additional liabilities. Regulation of cookies and similar technologies, and any decline of cookies or similar online tracking technologies as a means to identify and potentially target individuals, may lead to broader restrictions and impairments on our marketing and personalization activities, may negatively impact our efforts to understand consumers, and, as a result of us being able to process less data, make our AI process less accurate.
In addition, we are also subject to the Israeli Privacy Protection Law, 5741-1981 (the “PPL”), and its regulations, including the Israeli Privacy Protection Regulations (Data Security), 5777-2017 (the “Data Security Regulations”), which impose obligations with respect to the manner in which personal data is processed, maintained, transferred, disclosed, accessed, and secured, as well as the guidelines of the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority. In this respect, the Data Security Regulations may require us to adjust our data protection and data security practices, information security measures, certain organizational procedures, applicable positions (such as an information security manager), and other technical and organizational security measures. Failure to comply with the PPL, its regulations, and guidelines issued by the Privacy Protection Authority, may expose us to administrative fines, civil claims (including class actions), and, in certain cases, criminal liability. Current pending legislation may result in a change of the current enforcement measures and sanctions. The Israeli Privacy Protection Authority may initiate administrative inspection proceedings, from time to time, without any suspicion of any particular breach of the PPL, as the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority has done in the past with respect to dozens of Israeli companies in various business sectors. In addition, to the extent that any administrative supervision procedure is initiated by the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority that reveals certain irregularities with respect to our compliance with the PPL, in addition to our exposure to administrative fines, civil claims (including class actions), and in certain cases criminal liability, we may also need to take certain remedial actions to rectify such irregularities, which may increase our costs.
In Israel, the Privacy Protection Regulations (Transfer of Information to Databases Outside State Borders), 5761-2001 (the “Israel Transfer Regulations”), require the data exporter, after ensuring that the transfer abroad is permitted pursuant to the legal bases for transfer abroad as provided in the Israel Transfer Regulations, to obtain from the data importer an undertaking to take sufficient measures in order to
 
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protect the personal data and not to transfer data to any third party (in a position published for public comments by the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority, the Authority noted that onward transfer would be permitted if: (i) such transfer is agreed to within the contract by the Israeli data exporter, (ii) each recipient undertakes to comply with similar data protection obligations as the original data importer, and (iii) each onward transfer would have been eligible under the Israel Transfer Regulations to receive personal data as the original recipient). While enforcement of a failure to comply with these restrictions has so far been very limited (as it also depends on the scope of the alleged violation), the enforcement standards and practices regarding this issue may change in the future. Additionally, any change in the way we share and store data collected in Israel may lead to additional or different obligations.
Additionally, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”) issued a draft Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”), for public comment on October 21, 2020, which went into effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL imposes various controls and restrictions on entities and individuals that decide the purpose, methods, and such other matters of personal information processing, similar to the GDPR and CCPA. The enforcement of the PIPL could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In particular, the PIPL aligns the jurisdictional reach and application scope with those under the GDPR, enhances enforcement powers, and increases maximum penalties to CNY 50 million or 5% of the annual revenue of entities that process personal data. The PIPL also sets out personal information localization requirements, along with rules regarding the transfer of personal information outside of the PRC, which may require assessment and/or approval by the PRC Cyberspace Administration, certification by professional institutions, or supervision of and execution of contracts with overseas recipients.
Complying with the CCPA, CPRA, VCPDA, CPA, GDPR, U.K. GDPR, ePrivacy Directive (and the ePrivacy Regulation when it replaces the ePrivacy Directive), the PIPL, and other applicable data privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, and standards may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. Despite our efforts to bring our practices into compliance with such laws, rules, regulations, and standards (and any new laws, rules, regulations, or standards that may be passed or promulgated), we may not be successful in our efforts to achieve compliance either due to internal or external factors such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. Non-compliance with any of these data privacy or security laws, rules, regulations, or standards could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, data subjects, or others. We may find it necessary to establish additional systems and processes to maintain such data in various jurisdictions, including, among other things, the EEA, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of our business.
Evolving and changing definitions of what constitutes “personal information” and “personal data” within the United States, EU, and elsewhere, especially relating to classification of IP addresses, machine or device identification numbers, location data and other information, may limit or inhibit our ability to operate or expand our business. In addition, rapidly evolving privacy laws and frameworks distinguish between a data processor and data controller (or under the CCPA, whether a business is a “service provider”), and different risks and requirements may apply to us, depending on the nature of our data processing activities. If our business model expands and changes over time, different sets of risks and requirements may apply to us, requiring us to re-orient the business accordingly.
Various government and consumer agencies have called for new laws, rules, regulations, and changes in industry practices and are continuing to review the need for greater regulation for the collection of information concerning consumer behavior on the internet. Because the interpretation and application of many data privacy and security laws, rules, and regulations, along with contractually imposed standards, are uncertain, it is possible that these laws, rules, regulations, and standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our products and e-commerce risk management platform capabilities. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and platform capabilities, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, we may not be legally permitted to collect and store information on transactions we process that enable us to improve our products. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable data privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, policies, industry standards, or social expectations of corporate
 
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fairness, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Data privacy and security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our products, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries. If we are not able to adjust to changing laws, rules, regulations, and standards related to the internet, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We rely significantly on the use of information technology, including technology provided by third-party service providers. Any failure, error, defect, inadequacy, interruption, or data breach or other security incident involving our information technology systems, or those of our third-party service providers, could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.
We increasingly rely on information technology systems to collect, store, share, use, retain, safeguard, transmit, analyze, and otherwise process electronic information. Our ability to effectively manage our business and coordinate the manufacturing, sourcing, distribution, and sale of our products depends significantly on the reliability and capacity of these systems. We rely on information technology systems to effectively manage, among other things, our business data, communications, supply chain, inventory management, consumer order entry and order fulfillment, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, human resources benefits and payroll management, compliance with regulatory, legal, and tax requirements, and other processes and data necessary to manage our business. Disruptions to our information technology systems, including any disruptions to our current systems and/or as a result of transitioning to additional or replacement information technology systems, as the case may be, could disrupt our business and could result in, among other things, transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, loss of data, including personal data, and the loss of sales and customers, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations. Additionally, the future operation, success, and growth of our business depends on streamlined processes made available through information systems, global communications, internet activity, and other network processes.
Our information technology systems, including our AI models, may be subject to damage, interruptions, or shutdowns, including from breaches, attacks by computer hackers, malicious code (such as malware, viruses and worms), ransomware attacks, insider threats, unauthorized activity or access, password-spraying, acts of vandalism, software or hardware vulnerabilities, employee or contractor theft, misplaced or lost data, fraud, misconduct or misuse, social engineering, phishing, denial-of-service attacks, organized cyberattacks, programming or human errors, telecommunication failures, or failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases, or components, any of which could result in the loss or disclosure of confidential or personal information or our own proprietary information, software, methodologies, or business information. Our existing safety systems, data backup, access protection, user management, and information technology emergency planning may not be sufficient to prevent data loss or long-term network outages. In addition, we may have to upgrade our existing information technology systems or choose to incorporate new technology systems from time to time in order for such systems to support the increasing needs of our expanding business. Costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations.
In addition, as part of our normal business activities, we collect, store, and otherwise process certain confidential information, including personal information with respect to customers and employees, as well as information related to intellectual property, and the success of our e-commerce operations depends on the secure transmission of confidential and personal information over public networks, including the use of cashless payments. We may share some of this information with third-party service providers who assist us with certain aspects of our business. We are subject to a number of laws, rules, and regulations requiring us to provide notification to employees, regulators, and other affected parties in the event of a security breach of certain personal information, and requiring the adoption of minimum information security standards that are often vaguely defined and difficult to practically implement. The costs of compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations have increased and may increase in the future. Any failure on the part of us or our third-party service providers to maintain the security of this confidential data and personal information, including our network security (or those of our third-party service providers) and the misappropriation of confidential and personal information, could result in business disruption, damage to our reputation, financial
 
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obligations to third parties, fines, penalties, regulatory proceedings, governmental investigations, and private litigation, any or all of which could result in us incurring potentially substantial costs. Such events could also result in the deterioration of confidence in us by employees and customers and cause other competitive disadvantages that lead customers to decrease or stop their purchases altogether. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Security incidents compromising the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our confidential or personal information and our and our third-party service providers’ information technology systems, such as phishing and malware attempts, have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. Such security incidents could result from cyberattacks, computer malware, supply chain attacks, or malfeasance or error of our or our third-party service providers’ personnel. In particular, ransomware attacks, including those from organized criminal threat actors, nation-states, and nation-state supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe, and can lead to significant interruptions in our or our third-party service providers’ operations, loss of data and income, reputational loss, diversion of funds, and may result in fines, litigation, and unwanted media attention. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we or our third-party service providers may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting payments. Moreover, we and our third-party service providers may be more vulnerable to such attacks in remote work environments, which have increased following the COVID-19 pandemic. As techniques used by cyber criminals evolve and change frequently, a disruption, cyberattack or other security breach of our information technology systems or infrastructure, including our AI models, or those of our third-party service providers, may go undetected for an extended period and could result in the theft, transfer, unauthorized access to, disclosure, modification, misuse, loss, or destruction of our employee, representative, customer, vendor, consumer, and/or other third-party data, including sensitive or confidential data, personal information, and/or intellectual property. We cannot guarantee that our security efforts will prevent breaches or breakdowns of our or our third-party service providers’ information technology systems. Further, and notwithstanding any contractual rights or remedies we may have, because we do not control our third-party service providers, including their security measures, we cannot ensure the adequacy of the measures they take to protect personal information and prevent data loss. Although we have not, to our knowledge, experienced a material breach compromising any of the confidential or personally identifiable information on our systems, if we suffer a material loss or disclosure of personal or confidential information as a result of a breach of our information technology systems, including those of our third-party service providers, we may suffer reputational, competitive, and/or business harm, incur significant costs, and be subject to government investigations, litigation, fines, and/or damages, which could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Moreover, while we maintain cybersecurity insurance that may help provide coverage for these types of incidents, we cannot assure you that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or at all, or will be adequate to cover costs and liabilities related to these incidents, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We also cannot ensure that any limitations of liability provisions in our customer agreements, contracts with third-party service providers, and other contracts for a security lapse or breach or other security-related matter would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim.
Unauthorized access, disclosure, or other loss or unauthorized use of information or data, whether actual or perceived, could result in legal claims or proceedings, regulatory investigations or actions, and other types of liability under laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information, including federal, state, local, and foreign data privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, and standards, violations of which could result in significant penalties and fines. Although we seek to detect and investigate all data security incidents, security breaches and other incidents of unauthorized access to our information technology systems and data can be difficult to detect and any delay in identifying such breaches or incidents may lead to increased harm and legal exposure of the type described above.
 
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If sensitive or personal information about our customers is disclosed, or if we or our third-party service providers are subject to real or perceived cyberattacks or other security incidents, our customers may curtail use of our website, we may be exposed to liability and our reputation could suffer.
Operating our business and platform involves the collection, storage, transmission, and other processing of proprietary and confidential information, as well as the personal information of our employees and customers. Some of our third-party service providers, such as payment processing providers, also regularly have access to customer data. We devote resources to network and data security to protect our systems, infrastructure platforms, and data. However, our systems and those of our third-party service providers may not be adequately designed with the necessary reliability and redundancy to avoid cyberattacks, performance delays or outages that could be harmful to our business. In addition, advances in computer capabilities, increasingly sophisticated tools and methods used by hackers and cyber terrorists, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in our failure or inability to adequately protect sensitive information.
Like other e-commerce companies, we are also vulnerable to damage from fire, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, natural disasters and other adverse weather conditions, public health emergencies (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) and other catastrophic events, military or political conflicts, power loss, terrorism, breaches, attacks by computer hackers, malicious code (such as malware, viruses and worms), ransomware attacks, insider threats, unauthorized activity or access, password-spraying, acts of vandalism, software or hardware vulnerabilities, employee or contractor theft, misplaced or lost data, fraud, misconduct or misuse, social engineering, phishing, denial-of-service attacks, organized cyberattacks, programming or human errors, telecommunication failures, or failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases, or components. Cyberattacks could also result in the theft of our intellectual property, damage to our information technology systems, or disruption of our ability to make financial reports and other public disclosures required of public companies. Our service providers, vendors, and other partners are also subject to the foregoing risks, and we do not have any control over them.
We and our third-party service providers have been subject to attempted cyber, phishing, and social engineering attacks in the past and may continue to be subject to such attacks and other cybersecurity incidents in the future. If we gain greater visibility, we may face a higher risk of being targeted by cyberattacks that could result in a wide range of negative outcomes, including violations of applicable data privacy or security laws, rules, regulations, and standards, which can result in significant fines, governmental investigations or inquiries and enforcement actions, legal and financial exposure, contractual liability, and damage to our reputation, each of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, the costs associated with the investigation, remediation, and potential notification of a data breach to counterparties and data subjects could be material, in addition to any payments required to resolve a ransomware attack. For example, laws in the EEA, the UK, and all 50 U.S. states may require businesses to notify regulators within specific timeframes that a breach affecting personal information has occurred and/or to provide notice to individuals whose personal information has been impacted as a result of such breach. Failure to comply with these numerous and complex regulations could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability.
Advances in computer capabilities, new technological discoveries, or other developments may result in cyberattacks becoming more sophisticated and more difficult to detect. We and our third-party service providers may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent all such cyberattacks or other security or data breaches, to protect our systems, data, and customer information, or to prevent outages, data loss, and fraud, and the use of third parties for certain cybersecurity services may not provide sufficient security or be adequate for our operations. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and may not be known until launched against us or our third-party service providers. Security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent actions by our employees, our third-party service providers, or their personnel. We may be required to invest significant resources in protecting against security breaches and other technological disruption, or to remediate problems and damages caused by such incidents, which could increase the cost of our business and in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Ultimately, any actual or perceived failure to maintain the performance, reliability, security, and availability of our platform and technical infrastructure to the satisfaction of our customers and certain
 
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regulators could harm our reputation and result in loss of revenue from the adverse impact to our reputation and brand, disruption to our business, and our decreased ability to attract and retain customers.
We are subject to risks related to online transactions and payment methods.
We accept payments using a variety of methods, including credit card, debit card, Amazon Pay, PayPal, and APM. We rely on third parties to provide these payment methods and payment processing services. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules and certification requirements, including the PCI Standard and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply.
Under certain circumstances specified in the payment card network rules, we may be required to submit to periodic audits, self-assessments, or other assessments of our compliance with the PCI Standard. Such activities may reveal that we have failed to comply with the PCI Standard. If an audit, self-assessment, or other test determines that we need to take steps to remediate any deficiencies, such remediation efforts may distract our management team and require us to undertake costly and time-consuming remediation efforts. In addition, even if we comply with the PCI Standard, there is no assurance that we will be protected from a security breach. If we fail to comply with the rules or requirements of any provider of a payment method we accept, if the volume of fraud in our transactions limits or terminates our rights to use payment methods we currently accept, or if a data breach occurs relating to our payment systems, we may, among other things, be subject to fines or higher transaction fees and may lose, or face restrictions placed upon, our ability to accept credit card and debit card payments from customers or to facilitate other types of online payments. If any of these events were to occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our success depends on our ability to develop, obtain, maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights in order to differentiate ourselves from our competitors. Any failure to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.
We rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret, patent, copyright, and other intellectual property laws in the United States, and similar laws in other jurisdictions, as well as contractual provisions, such as confidentiality and intellectual property assignment clauses and licensing agreements, to establish and protect our proprietary technology, our brands, and other intellectual property. Our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to secure or enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to, copy, reverse engineer, or otherwise use our intellectual property or technology without our permission or adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, defending our intellectual property rights may entail significant expense. Any patents, trademarks, or other intellectual property rights that we obtain may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation.
We currently own certain patents, and have applied for patent protection, relating to certain proprietary aspects of our products and technologies. We cannot guarantee that any of our patent applications will issue, and the patents we own could be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by others and may not be of sufficient scope or strength to provide us with any meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature tends to lag behind actual discoveries by several months, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Thus, we cannot be certain that we will be the first creator of inventions covered by any patent application we make or the first to file patent applications on such inventions. Further, we make business decisions about when to seek patent protection for a particular technology and when to rely upon trade secret protection, and the approach we select may ultimately prove to be inadequate. Moreover, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe our patents, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our patents.
 
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We also have chosen not to register any copyrights, and instead rely primarily on trade secret protection to protect our proprietary software and other technologies. While we also own unregistered copyrights in our software, copyrights must be registered before bringing a copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States. Because we have chosen not to register our copyrights, the remedies and damages available to us for unauthorized use of software may be limited. Despite our efforts to maintain our source code and certain other technologies as trade secrets, it may still be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our technologies, including our PowerMatch capabilities, and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products and services that compete with ours.
We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with other parties who may have access to confidential or proprietary information. We also attempt to protect our proprietary technologies by implementing administrative, technical, and physical practices, including source code access controls, to secure our proprietary information. However, no assurance can be given that these agreements or practices will be effective in controlling access to, distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering, or disclosure of our intellectual property or proprietary information. Third parties, including former employees, may breach duties of confidentiality to us or disclose information improperly, and we may not have adequate recourse in the event of such breach. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our proprietary information, know-how, and trade secrets, or each party that has developed intellectual property on our behalf. Accordingly, individuals not subject to invention assignment agreements may make adverse ownership claims to our current and future intellectual property. Further, these agreements may not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products and e-commerce capabilities. These agreements may be insufficient or breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach.
We may be required to spend significant resources in order to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could be costly, time-consuming, unpredictable, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Further, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the ownership, scope, validity, and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our e-commerce capabilities, impair the functionality of our services, delay development and introductions of new products, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies, or injure our reputation. Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors may be in a position to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property and proprietary rights than us. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Additionally, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.
Moreover, the outcome of any such litigation might not be favorable to us, even when our rights have been infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated. If we do not prevail, we may be required to pay significant money damages, suffer losses of significant revenue, be prohibited from using the relevant systems, processes, technologies, or other intellectual property (temporarily or permanently), be required to cease offering certain products or services, incur significant license, royalty, or technology development expenses, or be required to comply with other unfavorable terms. Even if we were to prevail, such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition. We may also be required to enter into license agreements that may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition, although in some cases a third party may have agreed to indemnify us for such costs, such an indemnifying party may refuse or be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. In other cases, insurance may not cover potential claims of this type adequately or at all, and we may be required to pay monetary damages, which may be significant. If we fail to obtain,
 
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maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be harmed.
If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to maintain or build name recognition in our markets of interest.
We also rely on our trademarks, trade names, and brand names to distinguish our products and services from the products and services of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to maintain or build name recognition in our target markets and our business may be adversely affected. We cannot assure you that our trademark applications will be granted, and third parties may also oppose our trademark applications or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. If we are unable to successfully register our trademarks and trade names and establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. In addition, competitors or other third parties have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, trade names, trademarks, or domain names similar to ours, which may impede our ability to build brand identity, possibly leading to market confusion and potentially requiring us to pursue legal action. We may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks against competitors or other third parties, and any such enforcement actions against third parties may not be successful. In addition, there could be trade name or trademark infringement, misappropriation, or other claims of trademark violation brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our unregistered trademarks or trade names. Our efforts to enforce or protect our trademarks, trade names, and domain names may be ineffective, may impact the public perception of our brand, may be expensive, may divert our resources, and, if our proprietary rights are challenged in connection with such enforcement efforts, could result in payment by us of monetary damages or injunctive relief against us that prevents us from using certain trademarks and trade names, all of which could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.
We may not be able to effectively obtain, maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world to the same extent as in the United States.
We pursue the registration of certain aspects of our intellectual property in the United States and certain other countries. Because of the differences in foreign trademark, trade secret, and other laws concerning intellectual property and proprietary rights, our intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain, and any changes in, or expected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights. Accordingly, many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of intellectual property and proprietary information may increase. The legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor or may not be sufficiently robust for the meaningful enforcement of patents and other intellectual property rights. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of our intellectual property rights in all countries outside of the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from copying our technologies or trademarks in all jurisdictions in which we operate or intend to operate.
Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect, and some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets and know-how. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us, and our competitive position would be materially and adversely harmed. Furthermore, we currently own trademarks that we use in connection with our business in the United States, Israel, and other markets. As we continue to expand into international markets, we may experience certain risks associated with protecting our brand and maintaining the ability to use our brand in the countries where we operate. In certain countries outside of the United States, trademark registration is required to enforce trademark rights. If we do not secure
 
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registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would. Therefore, it is possible that our trademarks applications may not be allowed for registration in a timely fashion or at all, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. Additionally, there is a risk that our trademarks may conflict with the pre-existing trademarks of other companies, which may require us to rebrand or substantially change the branding of our product and service offerings, obtain costly licenses, or defend against third-party claims. Moreover, incumbent participants in such markets may oppose our trademark applications or trademark registrations or otherwise assert their intellectual property and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us. Further, we may not be able to acquire or maintain appropriate domain names in all countries in which we do business. Regulations governing domain names may not protect our trademarks and similar proprietary rights, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, or diminish the value of our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert efforts and resources from other aspects of our business. While we generally seek to protect our intellectual property rights in the major markets where we intend to market and sell our products, we cannot ensure that we will be able to do so in all jurisdictions. Moreover, our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property rights may be adversely affected by unforeseen changes in foreign intellectual property laws. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our patent and other intellectual property rights in such jurisdictions may be inadequate.
Third parties may allege that we are infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, which could involve substantial costs and adversely impact our business.
Our success in part depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, market, and sell our products without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third-parties. Third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate, or circumvent our intellectual property rights and allege that our products and services infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate third-party intellectual property rights. We may become involved in administrative processes such as re-examination, inter partes review, interference and derivation proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, or litigation or other disputes relating to intellectual property used in our business.
Any such claims, even those without merit, can be expensive and time-consuming to defend and may divert management’s attention and resources, and an adverse result in any proceeding could put our ability to produce, market, and sell our products in jeopardy. We may be required to spend significant amounts of resources to defend against claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation, pay significant money damages, cease using certain processes, technologies, designs, trademarks, or other intellectual property, cease making, offering, and selling certain products, obtain a license (which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all) or redesign our brand, our products, or our packaging (which could be costly, time-consuming, or impossible).
In addition, we may be unaware of third-party intellectual property that covers or otherwise relates to some or all of our services and products. Because of technological changes in our industry, current patent coverage, and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents, our current or future products may unknowingly infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate existing or future patents or intellectual property rights of other parties. Further, because some patent applications are maintained in secrecy for a period of time, there is a risk that we could develop a product or technology without knowledge of a pending patent application, which product or technology would infringe a third-party patent once that patent is issued. The defense costs and settlements for patent infringement lawsuits may not be covered by insurance. Patent infringement lawsuits can take years to resolve. If we are not successful in our defenses or are not successful in obtaining dismissals of any such lawsuit, legal fees or settlement costs could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial position. Even if resolved in our favor, the volume of intellectual-property-related claims and the mere specter of threatened litigation or other legal proceedings may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our personnel from day-to-day responsibilities. The direct and indirect costs of addressing these actual and threatened disputes may have an adverse effect on our operations, reputation, and financial performance.
 
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We must continue to expand and scale our information technology systems, and our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We will need to continue to expand and scale our information technology systems and personnel to support recent and expected future growth. As such, we will continue to invest in and implement modifications and upgrades to our information technology systems and procedures, including replacing legacy systems with successor systems, making changes to legacy systems or acquiring new systems with new functionality, hiring employees with information technology expertise, and building new policies, procedures, training programs, and monitoring tools. These types of activities subject us to inherent costs and risks associated with replacing and changing these systems, including impairment of our ability to fulfill customer orders, potential disruption of our internal control structure, capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, acquisition and retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, the introduction of errors or vulnerabilities, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to or integrating new systems into our current systems. These implementations, modifications, and upgrades may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. Additionally, difficulties with implementing new technology systems, delays in our timeline for planned improvements, significant system failures, or our inability to successfully modify our information systems to respond to changes in our business needs may cause disruptions in our business operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our use of open source software could compromise the proprietary nature of our software and expose us to other legal liabilities and technological risks.
Part of our platform and technology incorporates open source software, and we expect to continue to incorporate open source software in our business in the future. Few of the licenses applicable to open source software have been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. Certain open source licenses may give rise to requirements to disclose or license our proprietary source code or make available any derivative works or modifications of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost, and we may be subject to such terms if such open source software is combined, linked, or otherwise integrated with our proprietary software which could allow third parties to offer services based on our proprietary software without compensation to us. We have implemented policies relating to our use of open source software that are designed to mitigate the risk of subjecting our proprietary code to these restrictions. However, we cannot be certain that we use open source software in a manner that is consistent with such policies. If we fail to comply with our policies, or if our policies are flawed, we may be subject to certain requirements, including requirements that we offer our software that incorporates or links to the open source software at a reduced cost or for free, or that we make available the proprietary source code for such software to the general public. If a third party were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on the use of our proprietary software. In any of these events, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties and pay royalties in order to continue using the open source software necessary to operate our business or we could be required to discontinue use of our website and other software in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis. Any of the foregoing could require us to devote additional research and development resources to re-engineer our website, could result in customer dissatisfaction, could allow our competitors to create similar platforms with lower development effort and time and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, the use of open source software may entail greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, controls on origin of the software, indemnification, or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. We cannot ensure that the authors of such open source software will implement or push updates to address security risks or will not abandon further development and maintenance. Many of the risks associated with usage of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurance of title, cannot be eliminated and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. To the extent that our e-commerce capabilities and other business operations depend upon the successful and secure
 
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operation of the open source software we use, any undetected errors or defects in this open source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our software, delay the introduction of new technological capabilities, result in a failure of our technologies, and injure our reputation. For example, undetected errors or defects in open source software could render it vulnerable to breaches or security attacks and make our systems more vulnerable to data breaches or security attacks. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing would have a negative effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our business could be adversely impacted by changes in the internet and mobile device accessibility of users. Companies and governmental agencies may restrict access to our products and services, website, or the internet generally, which could negatively impact our operations.
Our business depends in substantial part on customers accessing our products and services via a mobile device or a personal computer and the internet. We may operate in jurisdictions that provide limited internet connectivity. Internet access and access to a mobile device or personal computer are frequently provided by companies with significant market power that could take actions that degrade, disrupt, or increase the cost of consumers’ ability to access our products and services. In addition, the internet infrastructure that we and our customers rely on in any particular geographic area may be unable to support the demands placed upon it and could interfere with the speed and availability of our products and services. Any such failure in internet or mobile device or computer accessibility, even for a short period of time, could adversely affect our results of operations.
Governmental agencies in any of the countries in which we or our customers are located could block access to or require a license for our website, or the internet generally, for a number of reasons, including security, confidentiality, or regulatory concerns. In addition, companies may adopt policies that prohibit their employees from using our products and services. If companies or governmental entities block, limit, or otherwise restrict customers from accessing our products and services, our business could be negatively impacted, the number of customers could decline or grow more slowly, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our customer engagement on mobile devices depends upon effective operation with mobile operating systems, networks, and standards that we do not control.
An increasing number of our customers purchase our products through the mobile version of our website. We are dependent on the interoperability of our website with popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android and iOS, and any changes in such systems that degrade the functionality of our digital offering could adversely affect the user experience of our website on mobile devices. Additionally, in order to deliver a consistent shopping experience to mobile devices, it is important that our website is designed effectively and works well with a range of mobile technologies, systems, networks, and standards that we do not control. We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing products that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, networks, or standards. In the event that it is more difficult for our customers to access and use our mobile website on their mobile devices or if our customers choose not to access or use our mobile website on their mobile devices or use mobile products that do not offer access to our website, our sales and growth prospects could be adversely impacted.
Risks Related to Our Incorporation and Location in Israel
Conditions in Israel could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Many of our employees, including certain members of our management, operate from our offices located in Tel Aviv, Israel. In addition, a number of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In recent years, Israel has been engaged in sporadic armed conflicts with Hamas, an Islamist terrorist group that controls the Gaza Strip, with Hezbollah, an Islamist terrorist group that controls large portions
 
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of southern Lebanon, and with Iranian-backed military forces in Syria. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and may be developing nuclear weapons. Some of these hostilities were accompanied by missiles being fired from the Gaza Strip against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Any major hostilities involving Israel, regional political instability, or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. As of the date of this prospectus, Israel is at war with Hamas and is experiencing hostilities with Hezbollah along Israel’s northern border with Lebanon. The ongoing conflicts are rapidly evolving and developing, and could disrupt our business and operations for an unknown period of time. See the Risk Factor titled “The ongoing war between Israel and Hamas could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations” for more information.
Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of certain direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, such coverage would likely be limited, may not be applicable to our business, and may not reinstate our loss of revenue or economic losses more generally. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict doing business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, our financial condition, or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment, and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, many Israeli citizens, including many of our employees, are obligated to perform several days, and in some cases more, of annual military reserve duty each year until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for reservists who are military officers or who have certain occupations) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by such call-ups, and by the absence of a significant number of our employees related to military service or the absence for extended periods of military service of one or more of our key employees or members of our management. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The ongoing war between Israel and Hamas could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on Israel. These attacks resulted in extensive deaths, injuries and kidnapping of civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas. In addition, rocket attacks have been launched by Hezbollah, a terrorist group operating from Lebanon, against areas of northern Israel, and by the Houthis, a terrorist group operating from Yemen, against commercial shipping in the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea. As of the date of this prospectus, the military campaign against Hamas and other terrorist organizations is ongoing and could escalate in the future into a larger regional conflict.
As of the date of this prospectus, the ongoing conflict has not had a material impact on our day-to-day operations. However, we are not able to predict the duration or severity of the ongoing conflict or its effects on our business, operations and financial condition. The ongoing conflict is rapidly evolving and developing, and could disrupt our business and operations at any time and for an unknown period of time. Any of the abovementioned factors could affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this prospectus.
 
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It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, our officers, and our directors in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors.
Not all of our directors or officers are residents of the United States, and most of their and our assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers, and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Additionally, we have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors.
Moreover, an Israeli court will not enforce a non-Israeli judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases), if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel, if it was obtained by fraud or in the absence of due process, if it is at variance with another valid judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties, or if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel at the time the foreign action was brought. See the section titled “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities” for more information.
The tax benefits available to us require us to meet several conditions, and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which would increase our taxes.
We have benefited or currently benefit from a variety of government programs and tax benefits that generally carry conditions that we must meet in order to be eligible to obtain any benefit. Our tax expenses and the resulting effective tax rate reflected in our financial statements may increase over time as a result of changes in corporate income tax rates, other changes in the tax laws of the countries in which we operate or changes in the mix of countries where we generate profit.
If we fail to meet the conditions upon which certain favorable tax treatment is based, we would not be able to claim future tax benefits and could be required to refund tax benefits already received.
Any of the following could have a material effect on our overall effective tax rate:
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Some programs may be discontinued;
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We may be unable to meet the requirements for continuing to qualify for some programs;
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These programs and tax benefits may be unavailable at their current levels; or
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We may be required to refund previously recognized tax benefits if we are found to be in violation of the stipulated conditions.
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See the section titled “Taxation and Government Programs — Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development” and Note 16 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder are governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and the Israeli Companies Law (the “Companies Law”). These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, pursuant to the Companies Law, each shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and
 
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in a customary manner in exercising his, her, or its rights and fulfilling his, her, or its obligations toward the company and other shareholders, and to refrain from abusing his, her, or its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters such as amendments to the company’s articles of association, increases in the company’s authorized share capital, mergers, and certain transactions requiring shareholders’ approval under the Companies Law. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote, who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the company, or has other powers toward the company, has a duty of fairness toward the company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions, and they may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.
We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.
A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patents Law, 5727-1967 (the “Patents Law”), inventions conceived by an employee in the course and as a result of or arising from his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions” that belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. The Patents Law also provides that if there is no such agreement between an employer and an employee, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee (the “Compensation and Royalties Committee”), a body constituted under the Patents Law, will determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for his or her inventions. Further, the Compensation and Royalties Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration, but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patents Law. Although we generally enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees and service providers pursuant to which such individuals waive their right to remuneration for service inventions, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of any such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current or former employees or service providers or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.
While we may not be able to enforce non-compete agreements we enter into with our employees, our current and future competition may attempt to enforce similar agreements with individuals we recruit or attempt to recruit.
We generally enter into agreements with the majority of our employees which prohibit them, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our current and future competition for a limited period. However, we may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work, and it may be difficult for us to restrict our current and future competition from benefiting from the expertise our former employees developed while working for us. For example, Israeli labor courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer that have been recognized by the courts, such as the protection of a company’s trade secrets or other intellectual property.
If we hire employees from our current and future competition or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In a similar way, if our current and future competition succeed in hiring some of our employees and executives, and if some of these employees or executives breach their legal obligations and divulge commercially sensitive information to our current and future competition, our ability to successfully compete with our current and future competition may be adversely affected.
Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association may delay, prevent, or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets.
Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or
 
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our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors (the “Board”), even if doing so would be considered to be beneficial by some of our shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our Class A ordinary shares. Among other things:
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Israeli corporate law regulates mergers and requires that a tender offer be effected when more than a specified percentage of shares in a company are purchased;
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Israeli corporate law does not provide for shareholder action by written consent in public companies, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a general meeting of shareholders;
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Israeli corporate law requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers, or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions;
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our amended and restated articles of association divide our directors into three classes, each of which is elected once every three years;
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our amended and restated articles of association generally require a vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares entitled to vote present and voting on the matter at a general meeting of shareholders (referred to as simple majority); however, the amendment of a limited number of provisions, such as (i) the provisions that relate to the rights of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, (ii) the provision providing for the minimum and maximum number of directors that may serve on our board of directors and empowering our board of directors to determine the size of the board of directors, (iii) the provision setting forth the procedures and the requirements that must be met in order for a shareholder to require us to include a matter on the agenda for a general meeting of our shareholders, (iv) the provisions relating to the election and removal of members of our board of directors and empowering our board of directors to fill vacancies on the board of directors, and (v) the provision dividing our directors into three classes, requires a vote of the holders of 60% of the total voting power of our shareholders;
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our amended and restated articles of association do not permit a director to be removed except by a vote of the holders of at least 60% of the total voting power of our shareholders;
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our dual class ordinary share structure provides our existing shareholders holding Class B ordinary shares with the ability to significantly influence the outcome of matters requiring shareholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares; and
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our amended and restated articles of association provide that director vacancies may be filled by our board of directors.
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Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which certain sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred.
Our amended and restated articles of association provide for exclusive forums for resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act and certain claims under Israeli law, which may impose additional litigation costs on our shareholders.
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent otherwise, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act (for the sake of clarification, this provision does not apply to causes of action arising under the Exchange Act). While this provision of our amended and restated articles of association does not restrict the ability of our shareholders to bring claims under the Securities Act, nor does it affect the remedies available thereunder if such claims are successful, we recognize that it may limit shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable and may increase certain litigation costs, which may discourage the filing of claims under the Securities Act against us, our directors, and officers.
 
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However, similar forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents have been challenged in legal proceedings and there is uncertainty as to whether courts would enforce the exclusive forum provisions in our amended and restated articles of association. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, our amended and restated articles of association also provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the competent courts in Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our shareholders, or any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Law or the Israeli Securities Law.
Changes to applicable tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our future business and profitability.
We are an Israeli company and thus subject to Israeli corporate income tax as well as other applicable local taxes on its operations. Our subsidiaries are subject to the tax laws applicable in their respective jurisdictions of incorporation. New local laws, statutes, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policy relating to taxes, whether in Israel or in any of the jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries operate, may have an adverse effect on our future business and profitability. Further, existing applicable tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us or our subsidiaries.
Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of Our Class A Ordinary Shares
The share price of our Class A ordinary shares may be volatile, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
The market price of our Class A ordinary shares could be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially as a result of many factors, including those described elsewhere in this prospectus, as well as the following:
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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue, financial condition, and results of operations;
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variance in our financial performance from the expectations of securities analysts;
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announcements by us or our direct or indirect competitors of significant business developments, changes in service provider relationships, acquisitions, or expansion plans;
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changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations or enforcement of laws or regulations affecting our business;
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changes in our pricing model;
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our involvement in litigation or regulatory actions;
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sales of our Class A ordinary shares by us or our shareholders, including any sales of Class B ordinary shares, which will automatically convert into Class A ordinary shares upon transfer thereof;
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market conditions in our industry;
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changes in key personnel;
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the trading volume of our ordinary shares;
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publication of research reports or news stories about us, our competition, or our industry, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;
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changes in the estimation of the future size and growth rate of our markets; and
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general economic and market conditions.
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As a result, volatility in the market price of our Class A ordinary shares may prevent investors from being able to sell their Class A ordinary shares at or above the price at which Class A ordinary shares are sold in this offering. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our
 
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Class A ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our Class A ordinary shares is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.
In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our Class A ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company.
If we were involved in any similar litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted.
The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting power with our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.
Our Class B ordinary shares have ten votes per share, and our Class A ordinary shares have one vote per share. As a result, our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Holtzman, who, as of the December 31, 2023, beneficially owns all of our issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares, beneficially owns approximately 76.1% of the voting power of our outstanding shares and, as such, will be able to significantly influence matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents and any merger or other major corporate transactions that require shareholder approval. Mr. Holtzman may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentrated voting power may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our Company, could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately materially and adversely affect the market price of our Class A ordinary shares. Future transfers by the holders of Class B ordinary shares will result in those shares converting into Class A ordinary shares, subject to limited exceptions.
For information about our dual class structure, see the section titled “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association — Voting Rights” and Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, qualify for, and may rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
Our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Holtzman beneficially owns a majority of the voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:
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the requirement that a majority of the board of directors be comprised of independent directors;
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the requirement that our compensation committee be comprised entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and
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the requirement that director nominees be selected, or recommended for the board of directors’ selection, either by a majority vote of the board of directors’ independent directors or a nominations committee comprised solely of independent directors.
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We do not currently rely on these exemptions, however, we may, subject to the requirements of applicable Israeli law, choose to rely on these exemptions in the future. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq and our status as a controlled company could make our ordinary shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our share price.
 
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If we do not meet the expectations of securities analysts, if they cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our ordinary shares, the price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline.
The trading market for our Class A ordinary shares relies in part on the research and reports that securities analysts publish about us and our business. The analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. We do not have any control over these analysts. If our revenue or our other results of operations are below the estimates or expectations of public market analysts and investors, the price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline. Moreover, the price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our ordinary shares or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.
An active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares may not be sustained.
An active trading market for our Class A ordinary may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. In addition, we, our executive officers and directors and the selling shareholder have agreed to certain lock-up agreements with the underwriters, which may further limit liquidity during such period. For information about the lock-up agreements, see the section titled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale — Lock-Up Agreements.” An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling Class A ordinary shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies by using our shares as consideration.
The market price of our Class A ordinary shares could be negatively affected by future issuances and sales of our Class A ordinary shares.
Sales by us or our shareholders of a substantial number of Class A ordinary shares, including Class B ordinary shares, which will automatically convert into Class A ordinary shares upon transfer, in the public market following this offering, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline or could impair our ability to raise capital through a future sale of, or pay for acquisitions using, our equity securities. Of our issued and outstanding shares, all the Class A ordinary shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable, except for any shares acquired by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act.
We, our executive officers and directors and the selling shareholder, have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, for a period of     days after the date of this prospectus (the “Lock-Up Period”), to not directly or indirectly offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to purchase or otherwise dispose of any ordinary shares or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares (including the Class B ordinary shares), or in any manner transfer all or a portion of the economic consequences associated with the ownership of Class A ordinary shares, or cause a registration statement covering any Class A ordinary shares to be filed except for the Class A ordinary shares offered in this offering, without the prior written consent of Goldman Sachs and & Co. LLC who may, in its sole discretion and at any time without notice, release all or any portion of the ordinary shares subject to these lock-up agreements. Following the expiration of the Lock-Up Period, the ordinary shares subject to these lock-up agreements will be available for sale in the public markets subject to the requirements of Rule 144. See the section titled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.”
We do not currently intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business and we do not currently expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, shareholders must rely on sales of their ordinary shares after price appreciation, which may never occur as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. As a result, investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our ordinary shares. In addition, the Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See the section titled “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association — Dividend and Liquidation Rights” for additional information.
 
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Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See the section titled “Taxation and Government Programs — Taxation of non-Israeli Resident Shareholders — Taxation on Receipt of Dividends” for additional information.
We qualify as an emerging growth company, as defined in the Securities Act, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A ordinary shares less attractive to investors because we may rely on these reduced disclosure requirements.
We qualify as an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised financial accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We intend to take advantage of this extended transition period under the JOBS Act for adopting new or revised financial accounting standards. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may also take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including presenting only limited selected financial data and not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if our total annual revenue is at least $1.235 billion, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period, or if before that time we become a “large accelerated filer” under U.S. securities laws. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.
We are a foreign private issuer, and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.
We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events, although we are subject to Israeli laws and regulations with regards to certain of these matters, and (iv) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, although we are subject to Israeli laws and regulations with regard to certain of these matters and intend to announce quarterly unaudited results in earnings press releases. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until four months after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year, and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, which prohibits selective disclosures of material information. As a result of all of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.
The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (i) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (ii) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors, and
 
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more than 10% shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance rules of Nasdaq. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.
As we are a “foreign private issuer” and intend to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all corporate governance rules of Nasdaq.
As a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of Nasdaq, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the home country practices we are following. We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to Nasdaq rules for shareholder meeting quorums. See the section titled “Management — Corporate Governance Practices.” We may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters, including, for example, exemption from Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), which in certain circumstances requires an issuer to obtain shareholder approval prior to the issuance (or potential issuance) of securities equaling 20% or more of the issuer’s outstanding ordinary shares or 20% or more of the outstanding voting power. If, in the future, we choose to follow this or other home country practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all corporate governance rules of Nasdaq.
There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to United States Holders of our Class A ordinary shares.
We would be a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”), for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules, either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” ​(as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)); or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash or that do or could generate passive income are categorized as passive assets, and the value of goodwill and other unbooked intangible assets is generally taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, rents, dividends, interest, royalties, gains from the disposition of passive assets, and gains from commodities and securities transactions. For purposes of this test, we will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation of which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. Based on our market capitalization and the composition of our income, assets, and operations, we believe that we are not a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2023 and do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, this is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Moreover, the aggregate value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC determination generally will be determined by reference to the public price of our Class A ordinary shares, which could fluctuate significantly. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC in the current taxable year or in the future. Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a United States Holder (as defined in the section titled “Taxation and Government Programs — U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such United States Holder holds our Class A ordinary shares. United States Holders should consult their tax advisors about the potential application of the PFIC rules to their investment in our Class A ordinary shares. For further discussion, see the section titled “Taxation and Government Programs — Passive Foreign Investment Company.”
If a United States person is treated as owning 10% or more of our shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each controlled foreign corporation (a “CFC”) in our group (if any). Because our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are expected to be treated as CFCs (regardless of
 
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whether we are treated as a CFC). A United States shareholder of a CFC may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by CFCs, regardless of whether we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties, and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we are or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as CFC or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any such CFC or furnish to any United States shareholder information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. The United States Internal Revenue Service has provided limited guidance on situations in which investors may rely on publicly available information to comply with their reporting and tax paying obligations with respect to foreign-controlled CFCs. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our Class A ordinary shares.
General Risk Factors
Our business could be negatively impacted by corporate citizenship and sustainability matters.
There is an increased focus from certain investors, consumers, employees, and other shareholders concerning corporate citizenship, climate change, and sustainability matters. From time to time, we may announce certain initiatives, including goals, regarding our focus areas, which include environmental matters, packaging, responsible sourcing, social investments, and inclusion and diversity. We could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could fail in accurately reporting our progress on such initiatives and goals. Such failures could be due to changes in our business (e.g., shifts in business among distribution channels). Moreover, the standards by which citizenship and sustainability efforts and related matters are measured are developing and evolving, and certain areas are subject to assumptions. The standards or assumptions could change over time. In addition, we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals or perceived as not acting responsibly in connection with these matters. Any such matters, or related corporate citizenship and sustainability matters, could lead to negative publicity and have an adverse effect on our business.
If we pursue acquisitions, such acquisitions may expose us to additional risks.
We have in the past and may in the future, review and pursue acquisition and strategic investment opportunities to expand our current product offerings and distribution channels, increase the size and geographic scope of our operations, or otherwise offer growth and operating efficiency opportunities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify suitable candidates or consummate these transactions on favorable terms. If required, the financing for these transactions could result in an increase in our indebtedness, dilute the interests of our shareholders, or both. The purchase price for some acquisitions may include additional amounts to be paid in cash in the future, a portion of which may be contingent on the achievement of certain future operating results of the acquired business. If the performance of any such acquired business exceeds such operating results, then we may incur additional charges and be required to pay additional amounts. Furthermore, if we enter into acquisition or strategic investment agreements there can be no guarantee that such acquisition or investment will satisfy all necessary conditions to be consummated and closed.
Our failure to successfully complete the integration of any acquired business or to achieve the long-term plan for such business, as well as any other adverse consequences associated with our acquisition and investment activities, could have an adverse effect on our business.
We are not insured against all risks affecting our activities and our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all losses and/or liabilities that may be incurred by our operations.
We cannot provide assurance that our insurance coverage will always be available or will always be sufficient to cover any damages resulting from any kind of claims. In addition, there are certain types of
 
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risks that may not be covered by our policies, such as war, force majeure, or certain business interruptions. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that when our current insurance policies expire, we will be able to renew them with sufficient and favorable terms, and the failure to renew our insurance policies may adversely affect us.
Our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate, and if our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet the guidance that we have provided to the public or the expectations of our investors and securities analysts, the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares may decline.
Our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate for a variety of reasons, many of which are beyond our control. These reasons include those described in these risk factors as well as the following:
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our ability to effectively launch new brands and products;
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fluctuations in the levels or quality of inventory;
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fluctuations in capacity as we expand our operations;
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our success in engaging existing customers and attracting new customers;
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the amount and timing of our operating expenses;
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the timing and success of new product launches and expansion into new geographic markets;
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the impact of competitive developments and our response to those developments;
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our ability to manage our existing business and future growth; and
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economic and market conditions, particularly those affecting our industry.
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Fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations may cause those results to fall below the guidance that we have provided to the public or the expectations of our investors and securities analysts, which could cause the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline. Fluctuations in our results could also cause a number of other problems. For example, analysts or investors might change their models for valuing our Class A ordinary shares, we could experience short-term liquidity issues, our ability to retain or attract key personnel may diminish, and other unanticipated issues may arise.
In addition, we believe that our quarterly results of operations may vary in the future and that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful. You should not rely on the results of one quarter as an indication of future performance.
Certain of our key operating metrics are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and any real or perceived inaccuracies in our metrics or the underlying data may cause a loss of investor confidence in such metrics and the market price of our Class A ordinary shares may decline.
We track certain key operating metrics using internal data analytics tools, which have certain limitations. In addition, we rely on data received from third parties, including third-party platforms, to track certain performance indicators, and we may be limited in our ability to verify such data. In addition, our methodologies for tracking metrics may change over time, which could result in changes to the metrics we report. If we undercount or overcount performance due to the internal data analytics tools we use or issues with the data received from third parties, or if our internal data analytics tools contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate or comparable with prior periods. In addition, limitations, changes, or errors with respect to how we measure data may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our longer-term strategies. If our performance metrics are not, or are not perceived to be, accurate representations of our business, if we discover material inaccuracies in our metrics or the data on which such metrics are based, or if we can no longer calculate any of our key performance metrics with a sufficient degree of accuracy, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of such metrics, which could cause the price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline.
The estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth we provide may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, or at all.
Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate, including as a result of any of the risks described herein.
 
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The variables that go into the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that any particular number or percentage of addressable consumers covered by our market opportunity estimates will purchase our products at all or generate any particular level of net revenue for us. In addition, our ability to expand in any of our target markets depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our products and other haircare products. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth we forecast, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forecasts of market growth we disclose should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.
Our results of operations could be adversely affected by natural disasters (including as a result of climate change), public health crises, political crises, or other catastrophic events.
Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and other adverse weather and climate conditions; unforeseen public health crises, such as epidemics and pandemics, political crises, such as terrorist attacks, war, and other political instability (including the ongoing political and military events in Israel and Ukraine); or other catastrophic events, whether occurring in the United States or internationally, could disrupt our operations in any of our offices and distribution centers or the operations of one or more of our third-party providers or vendors. In addition, certain types of natural disasters have tended to become more frequent and/or severe as a result of climate change. These types of events could impact our supply chain, including the ability of third parties to manufacture and ship products and our ability to ship products to consumers from or to the impacted region. In addition, these types of events could negatively impact consumer spending in the impacted regions. To the extent any of these events occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The ongoing military action between Russia and Ukraine could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
On February 24, 2022, Russian military forces commenced military operations in Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region is likely. Although the length, impact and outcome of the ongoing military conflict in Ukraine is highly unpredictable, this conflict could lead to significant market and other disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices and supply of energy resources, resulting in increases in the cost of shipping and transportation, instability in financial markets, supply chain interruptions, political and social instability, changes in consumer or purchaser preferences as well as increase in cyberattacks and espionage.
Russia’s military action against Ukraine has led to an unprecedented expansion of sanction programs imposed by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Japan and other countries against Russia, Belarus, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic and the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic.
We are actively monitoring the situation in Ukraine and will continue to assess any impact it may have on our business. Although we have no physical presence in either Ukraine or Russia, as of December 31, 2023, we had contracts with approximately 100 Ukrainian independent entrepreneurs who provide us with software development services. Although the conflict in Ukraine has not had any material impact on our operations to date, we have no way to predict the progress or outcome of the conflict or its impacts in Ukraine, Russia or Belarus, as the conflict and any resulting government reactions, are rapidly developing and beyond our control. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions could be significant and could potentially have substantial impact on the global economy and our business for an unknown period of time. Any of the abovementioned factors could affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this prospectus.
We incur significant additional costs as a result of being a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.
As a public company, we incur increased costs associated with corporate governance requirements that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we are subject to rules and regulations of the SEC, under
 
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the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the Exchange Act, as well as the Nasdaq listing rules. These rules and regulations significantly increase our accounting, legal, and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming.
We expect such expenses to further increase after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. In addition, some members of our management team may have limited experience managing a public company, and our management team must devote substantial attention interacting with public company analysts and investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies, which may divert attention away from the day-to-day management of our business. Increases in costs incurred or diversion of management’s attention resulting from our operations as a publicly traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could fall below the expectations of our investors and securities analysts, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as discussed in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, net revenue, and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our Class A ordinary shares.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.
We are continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, we may experience material weaknesses in our controls. In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures and key metrics may be useful in evaluating our operating performance. We present certain non-GAAP financial measures and key performance metrics in this prospectus and intend to continue to present certain non-GAAP financial measures and key performance metrics in future filings with the SEC and other public statements. Any failure to accurately report and present our non-GAAP financial measures and key performance metrics could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares.
Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls
 
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or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our consolidated financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC after we lose our status as an emerging growth company. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq.
We are subject to the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, subject to accommodations available to newly public companies and emerging growth companies. We are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requiring management to certify financial and other information in our annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of control over financial reporting commencing with our second annual report on Form 20-F. Though we are required to disclose material changes in internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis, we will not be required to make our first annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until 2025 for the 2024 fiscal year. Additionally, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. As a newly public company, we have not previously been required to conduct an internal control evaluation and assessment. We will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants, and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, we may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. As a result, the market price of our Class A ordinary shares could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and could cause a decline in the price of our Class A ordinary shares.
Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by an
 
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unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Our reported financial results may be negatively impacted by changes in U.S. GAAP.
U.S. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. FASB has in the past issued new or revised accounting standards that superseded existing guidance and significantly impacted the reporting of financial results. Any future change in U.S. GAAP principles or interpretations could also have a significant effect on our reported financial results and may even affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement or effectiveness of a change. It is difficult to predict the impact of future changes to accounting principles or our accounting policies, any of which could negatively affect our reported results of operations.
 
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future financial condition, future operations, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management, and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “shall,” “should,” “target,” “will,” or “seek,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:
•
our ability to execute our business model, including our ability to successfully launch new products and brands;
​
•
our expectations regarding our financial and business performance;
​
•
the size of our addressable market, market share, and market trends;
​
•
our ability to attract and retain a large number of consumers;
​
•
our ability to anticipate the needs and wants of consumers;
​
•
our ability to compete effectively;
​
•
anticipated trends, developments, and challenges in our industry;
​
•
the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents;
​
•
our future capital requirements and sources and uses of cash;
​
•
our ability to effectively manage our supply chain;
​
•
our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
​
•
our business, expansion plans, and opportunities, including our ability to scale our operations and manage our future growth effectively;
​
•
our expectations regarding our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property rights and operate without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others;
​
•
our ability to comply with and adapt to changes in laws and regulatory requirements applicable to our business, including with respect to data privacy and security; and
​
•
our expectation regarding any litigation, regulatory proceedings, complaints, product liability claims, and/or adverse publicity.
​
We caution you that the foregoing list does not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus primarily on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur at all. The outcomes of the events described in these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus.
 
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The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this prospectus to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain.
You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus by these cautionary statements.
 
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USE OF PROCEEDS
The selling shareholder will receive all of the net proceeds from the sale of the Class A ordinary shares offered pursuant to this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Class A ordinary shares being sold in this offering. We will pay certain expenses associated with the registration of the Class A ordinary shares covered by this prospectus, and the selling shareholder will bear the underwriting commissions and discounts attributable to its sale of such Class A ordinary shares. See the sections titled “Underwriting” and “Principal and Selling Shareholder”.
 
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DIVIDEND POLICY
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not currently anticipate paying any dividends on our ordinary shares following this offering and currently expect to retain all future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business. We may reevaluate our dividend policy in the future. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on our ordinary shares will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors, which may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends by us to our shareholders or by our subsidiaries to us, including restrictions under other indebtedness we may incur, and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. If we elect to pay such dividends in the future, we may reduce or discontinue entirely the payment of such dividends at any time. In addition, the Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See the section titled “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association — Dividend and Liquidation Rights” for additional information.
Payment of dividends may be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See the section titled “Taxation and Government Programs — Israeli Tax Considerations” for additional information.
 
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CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and total capitalization as of December 31, 2023.
You should read this information in conjunction with the sections titled “Prospectus Summary — Summary Consolidated Financial and Other Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
​ ​ ​
As of
December 31, 2023
​
(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits and marketable securities
​ ​ ​
$
168,381
 ​ ​
Total indebtedness
​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ ​
Shareholders’ equity: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Class A Ordinary shares of NIS 0.001 par value each – Authorized: 200,000,000 shares;
Issued and outstanding: 45,319,675 shares
​ ​ ​ ​ 14 ​ ​
Class B Ordinary shares of NIS 0.001 par value each – Authorized: 40,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: 11,547,000 shares
​ ​ ​ ​ 3 ​ ​
Additional paid-in capital
​ ​ ​ ​ 178,910 ​ ​
Accumulated other comprehensive income
​ ​ ​ ​ 2,402 ​ ​
Retained earnings
​ ​ ​ ​ 101,778 ​ ​
Total shareholders’ equity
​ ​ ​
$
283,107
 ​ ​
Total capitalization
​ ​ ​
$
283,107
 ​ ​
The number of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 in the table above excludes:
•
11,826,547 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase Class A ordinary shares outstanding under our equity incentive plans as of December 31, 2023 at a weighted-average exercise price of $19.58 per share;
​
•
1,199,938 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the vesting and settlement of restricted share units outstanding under our equity plans as of December 31, 2023;
​
•
4,307,070 Class A ordinary shares reserved and available for grant and issuance under our 2023 Incentive Award Plan (“2023 Plan”), as well as any shares that become issuable pursuant to provisions in the 2023 Plan that automatically increase the share reserve under the 2023 Plan; and
​
•
1,131,000 Class A ordinary shares reserved for issuance under our 2023 Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), as well as any shares that become issuable pursuant to provisions in the ESPP that automatically increase the share reserve under the ESPP.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from management’s expectations as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Overview
We are a consumer tech platform that is built to transform the global beauty and wellness market.
Our commitment to innovation through our proprietary technology is matched only by our commitment to developing empowering products of the highest quality. The ODDITY platform is designed to support a portfolio of brands and services that aim to innovate and disrupt the expansive global beauty and wellness market.
ODDITY’s success is based on our outsider approach. We are a technology company seeking to reinvent every aspect of a massive industry. Our tech team is the largest team within our company today and comprises over 40% of our headcount as of December 31, 2023. We invest heavily in data science, machine learning, and computer vision, and we have an evergreen commitment to exploring and investing in emerging technologies. Our technology innovations, when combined with our world-class physical product range and compelling brands built to win online, aim to eliminate significant friction for customers and support a seamless end-to-end user experience.
We deploy algorithms and machine learning models leveraging user data seeking to deliver a precise product match and seamless shopping experience.
We harness our user data to develop physical beauty and wellness products that deliver excellent performance and functionality. We never settle on quality. If our data doesn’t show it is the best we can deliver, we won’t launch it.
It requires marrying two different worlds of tech and physical products. It’s not enough to build smart machine learning models, they need to be trained to match physical products.
In April 2023, we established ODDITY LABS to bring artificial intelligence-based molecule discovery to the development of science-backed, high performance beauty and wellness products. ODDITY LABS was formed in conjunction with our acquisition of Revela, a biotechnology company focused on the development of new molecules for beauty and wellness products.
Since our first digital brand launch in 2018, we have disrupted the way millions of consumers shop for beauty products by bringing them online and transforming the shopping experience. We leverage data insights delivered from our base of users to address the complex demands a customer faces when buying online to create a holistic end-to-end customer journey.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
We believe that our continued success and growth are dependent on a number of factors that provide both significant areas of opportunity as well as potential challenges. We have outlined some of these factors below, as well as in the section titled “Risk Factors.”
Growing and Engaging with our Powerful User Base
We are a data-driven company and one of our significant differentiators is the vast amount of quality, actionable data that we are able to learn about our users. Data collected from users forms a critical component of our customer acquisition funnel as it enables us to efficiently convert users to customers, informs our brand and product roadmap, and improves our machine learning algorithms to more accurately predict product matches and develop new products.
 
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We define a user as a visitor on which we have collected at least 50 discrete data points as they engage with and interact with our websites. As of December 31, 2023, ODDITY registered approximately 50 million unique users attributed to our brands. From that user base, we have collected over 2 billion unique data points that power every aspect of our business.
[MISSING IMAGE: fc_sitetraffic-4clr.jpg]
Driving Customer Acquisition, Retention, and Repeat Purchases
We bring visitors to our website, turn visitors into users by asking questions and learning about them, and then leverage the data we have across the platform to convert them into paying customers. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 5 million active customers. We define an active customer as a unique customer account that has made at least one purchase in the preceding 12-month period. We believe our number of active customers helps demonstrate the reach of our digital platform, the success of our technology, and overall value proposition of our brands and products and we use this number to monitor our customer growth.
We invest strategically in performance marketing, such as paid search and product listing advertisements, paid social media advertisements, search engine optimization, and personalized email, compounded with strong brand awareness driven largely through word of mouth.
In addition to acquiring customers through paid sources, our consumer tech platform is designed to drive high levels of platform engagement.
Our success is impacted not only by our ability to use data to convert users to customers, but also by our ability to retain our customers and drive repeat purchases. Net revenue repeat purchase rate is used by management to demonstrate our ability to retain our customers and drive repeat purchases from those customers.
Net revenue repeat purchase rate is the net revenue generated by subsequent orders placed by a cohort of customers, presented as a percentage of the net revenue of first orders placed by that cohort. A cohort of new customers is defined as all customers who made their first purchase during a specified quarterly or monthly period, as applicable. We first calculate the total net revenue generated by the initial orders placed by these new customers, then we calculate the total net revenue from these same customers in the 6-, 12-, 18-or 24-month period following their initial order. Therefore, for example, the January 2021 12-month net revenue repeat rate is calculated as the ratio of (i) the denominator equal to net revenue generated by the initial orders from all new customers that made their first purchase in January of 2021, and (ii) the numerator equal to total net revenue generated by the same group of customers over the 12-month period following their initial order. For example, if this cohort of customers generated net revenue of $1,000 in January 2021 on their first orders with us and they then generated net revenue of $700 on additional orders in the following 12 months, their 12-month net revenue repeat purchase rate would be 70%. As illustrated in the graph to the left below, our 12-month U.S. net revenue repeat purchase rate by quarterly cohorts has consistently increased, from around 15% for the Q1 2019 cohort to approximately 100% for the Q3 2022 cohort as of the third quarter of 2023. The graph to the right showcases the consistent increase in our 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month U.S. net revenue repeat purchase rate via our January and July 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 monthly cohorts. For example, our 6-month U.S. net revenue repeat purchase rate increased from around 7% for the January 2019 cohort, to around 69% for the January 2023 cohort. While we believe net revenue repeat purchase rate provides historical context for our ability to retain customers and drive repeat purchases, net revenue repeat purchase rate is not a key metric used by our management to manage the business and we do not intend to regularly disclose net revenue repeat purchase rate in future periodic filings.
 
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Expanding Our Portfolio of Brands
The ODDITY platform was built to support a portfolio of beauty and wellness brands. Homegrown brand launches via our New Ventures brand incubator are key components of our portfolio expansion strategy, with a new brand launched regularly. We anticipate a meaningful portion of our revenue in the coming years will be from future brand launches that will seek to disrupt markets in the beauty and wellness space that have been historically underpenetrated online. SpoiledChild’s launch in 2022 exemplifies our in-house R&D capabilities to create a new brand from start to launch in just 18 months. While we aim to launch a new brand regularly, it takes months to years of market research and extensive product testing before we can commercialize new products and brands.
In addition to our homegrown brand launches, we may expand our portfolio reach through selective acquisitions and brand partnerships.
Launching New Product Categories
We believe that the launch of new product categories within our existing brands of IL MAKIAGE and SpoiledChild will be a meaningful driver of net revenue growth and repeat purchasing rates. ODDITY will not launch a product or a brand unless our rigorous data-driven product and brand development process shows that it is the best we can deliver.
Continued Geographic Expansion
Our playbook of direct consumer engagement, data insights, custom-built technology products, and exceptional physical beauty and wellness products is applicable across a broad range of geographies. We have seen rapid success in our international market launches, with net revenues outside of the United States of $94.6 million, $83.4 million and $60.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, accounting for approximately 19%, 26% and 27% of our net revenue for the years then ended, respectively. Growing our geographic footprint will help grow our brand awareness, allow us to connect with new customers, and drive profitable growth. We intend to continue to invest in our digital business to provide our users with a differentiated global and local customer experience. We have also invested and will continue to invest in our Kenzza platform, which helps us to efficiently develop and scale our presence in new geographies through a network of local content creators. To date, we have successfully scaled our brands in the United States, Canada, UK, various markets in Continental Europe, and Australia, and have plans to continue to grow our global footprint. We utilize a rigorous, data-driven geographic expansion approach to identify new markets that will be receptive to ODDITY brands.
 
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Investment in Innovation and Technology
Our success is dependent on our ability to sustain innovation and technology leadership to maintain our competitive advantage. We will continue to invest in our people, product and infrastructure to maintain and grow our consumer tech platform and to propel the beauty and wellness industry forward. We selectively recruit and invest in technologists who are out-of-the-box thinkers and champion ODDITY’s mission to use technology to deliver customers the absolute best in product and experience. As we recruit additional personnel, we remain focused on developing our technology expertise across the full spectrum of engineering, architecture, infrastructure, data engineering, integrations, security, agile and project management, and information systems and planning.
Seasonality
Our revenue is typically highest in the first half of the calendar year, and our revenue will generally decline in the third and fourth quarter of each calendar year relative to the first and second quarter of each calendar year.
Components of Results of Operations
Net Revenue
We generate net revenue primarily from sales of our beauty and wellness products through our online direct-to-consumer model. Net revenue represents the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for the sale of our products, net of promotional discounts and estimated returns. Net revenue includes shipping fees charged to customers but excluding any sales or other taxes collected in connection with the sale. We recognize net revenue at the time control of our products is transferred to the customer, which is when the product is shipped to the customer, or for orders subject to a trial period, when the trial period lapses. Net revenue is primarily driven by the number of orders.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consists principally of the costs to procure our products, including the amounts invoiced by our third-party contract manufacturers and suppliers for inventory, as well as inbound and outbound shipping costs, duties and other related costs, and inventory write-offs. Cost of revenue also includes third-party fulfillment costs, warehousing, depreciation and amortization, and packaging costs. Our cost of goods sold has and may continue to fluctuate with the cost of raw materials used in our products.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin
Gross profit is our net revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin measures our gross profit as a percentage of net revenue. We expect that gross profit will fluctuate and continue to be affected by various factors in the future, including the timing and mix of product and brand launches, commodity prices and transportation rates, manufacturing costs, and our ability to reduce costs in any given period.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of marketing and advertising expenses, employee-related costs, including salaries, benefits, and share-based compensation, research and development costs, depreciation, and amortization expenses, professional fees, payments processing fees, and other general expenses. We expect selling, general and administrative expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we grow our business, expand our workforce, implement new marketing strategies, and enhance our platform and product offerings, brands, and infrastructure. We also anticipate that we will incur additional costs for employees and third-party consulting services, including related to legal, accounting, insurance, and investor relations, in connection with our operations as a public company.
Financial Expenses (Income), Net
Financial expenses (income), net consists primarily of interest income on our bank deposits and marketable securities as well as gain or loss on foreign currency, mainly driven by liabilities denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars.
 
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Taxes on Income
Taxes on income consists of income taxes related to Israel and United States federal and state taxes, and changes in deferred tax assets.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented in dollars and as a percentage of net revenue and should be reviewed in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results and period-to-period comparisons for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results expected in any future period.
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in
thousands)
​ ​
% of net
revenue
​ ​
(in
thousands)
​ ​
% of net
revenue
​ ​
(in
thousands)
​ ​
% of net
revenue
​
Statements of Operations Data: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Net revenue
​ ​ ​ $ 508,685 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 100.0% ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 324,520 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 100.0% ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 222,555 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 100.0% ​ ​
Cost of revenue
​ ​ ​ ​ 150,456 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 29.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 106,470 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 32.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 69,374 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 31.2 ​ ​
Gross profit
​ ​ ​ ​ 358,229 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 70.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 218,050 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 67.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 153,181 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 68.8 ​ ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses
​ ​ ​ ​ 283,911 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 55.8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 190,385 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 58.7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 133,669 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 60.1 ​ ​
Operating income
​ ​ ​ ​ 74,318 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 14.6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 27,665 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8.5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 19,512 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8.8 ​ ​
Financial expenses (income), net
​ ​ ​ ​ (4,283) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (0.8) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (1,247) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (0.4) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 877 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 0.4 ​ ​
Income before taxes on income
​ ​ ​ ​ 78,601 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 15.4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 28,912 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 18,635 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8.4 ​ ​
Taxes on income
​ ​ ​ ​ 20,067 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7,184 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2.2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,715 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2.1 ​ ​
Net income
​ ​ ​ $ 58,534 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 11.5% ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,728 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6.7% ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 13,920 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6.3% ​ ​
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Net Revenue
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Net revenue
​ ​ ​ $ 508,685 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 324,520 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 184,165 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 56.7% ​ ​
Net revenue increased by $184.2 million, or 56.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by a 40.2% increase in orders. Order billings increased 50.6% to $595.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The return rate decreased to 12.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 14.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Cost of Revenue
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Cost of revenue
​ ​ ​ $ 150,456 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 106,470 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 43,986 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 41.3% ​ ​
Cost of revenue increased by $44.0 million, or 41.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to increased orders partially offset by supply chain efficiencies and cost improvement efforts.
 
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Gross Profit and Gross Margin
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Gross profit
​ ​ ​ $ 358,229 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 218,050 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 140,179 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 64.3% ​ ​
Gross margin
​ ​ ​ ​ 70.4% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 67.2% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3.2% ​ ​
Our gross profit increased by $140.2 million, or 64.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of the growth in our net revenue. Our gross margin increased 3.2% to 70.4% in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 67.2% in the year ended December 31, 2022. Our gross margin increase was largely driven by supply chain efficiencies and cost improvement efforts.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Selling, general, and administrative expenses
​ ​ ​ $ 283,911 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 190,385 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 93,526 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 49.1% ​ ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $93.5 million, or 49.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $33.6 million in advertising costs to support sales growth. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were also impacted by increased investment related to growth initiatives, including ODDITY LABS and future brands. We also incurred increased expenses related to our IPO and public company costs. Stock-based compensation expense including expenses associated with accelerated vesting related to our IPO was $24.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to stock-based compensation expense of $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We incurred $17.4 million of one-time compensation expense to our founders related to the SpoiledChild incentive plan for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Financial Expenses (Income), Net
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Financial Income, net
​ ​ ​ $ (4,283) ​ ​ ​ ​ $ (1,247) ​ ​ ​ ​ $ (3,036) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 243.5% ​ ​
Financial expenses (income), net increased by $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to interest on bank deposits and marketable securities. See the section titled “— Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.
Taxes on Income
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Taxes on Income
​ ​ ​ $ 20,067 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 7,184 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 12,883 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 179.3% ​ ​
Taxes on income increased by $12.9 million, or 179.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher earnings before tax.
 
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
 
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Net Revenue
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Net revenue
​ ​ ​ $ 324,520 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 222,555 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 101,965 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 45.8% ​ ​
Net revenue increased by $102.0 million, or 45.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily driven by a 45% increase in orders. The launch of SpoiledChild in 2022 contributed $25.9 million to net revenue. The return rate decreased to 14.8% in 2022 compared to 15.7% in 2021.
Cost of Revenue
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Cost of revenue
​ ​ ​ $ 106,470 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 69,374 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 37,096 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 53.5% ​ ​
Cost of revenue increased by $37.1 million, or 53.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to increased orders, and to a lesser degree was attributable to increased cost inflation across shipping and supply chain.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Gross profit
​ ​ ​ $ 218,050 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 153,181 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 64,869 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 42.3% ​ ​
Gross margin
​ ​ ​ ​ 67.2% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 68.8% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (1.6)% ​ ​
Our gross profit increased by $64.9 million, or 42.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 as a result of the growth in our net revenue during 2022. Our gross margin decreased 1.6% to 67.2% in 2022 compared to 68.8% in 2021. Our gross margin decrease was largely driven by a revenue mix shift to SpoiledChild.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Selling, general and administrative expenses
​ ​ ​ $ 190,385 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 133,669 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 56,716 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 42.4% ​ ​
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $56.7 million, or 42.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $28.3 million in marketing and advertising expenses to support sales growth. In addition, the increase included one-time expenses incurred in 2022 related to the launch of SpoiledChild of $7.3 million and $12.6 million in one-time compensation to our founders related to the SpoiledChild incentive plan. This was offset by a decrease in non-recurring employee costs to $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and a decrease in non-recurring adjustments of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
 
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
 
Financial Expenses (Income), Net
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Financial expenses (income), net
​ ​ ​ $ (1,247) ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 877 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ (2,124) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 242.2% ​ ​
Financial expenses (income), net decreased by $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to favorable foreign currency exchange rates and interest on bank deposits. See the section titled “— Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.
Taxes on Income
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​ ​
$ Change
​ ​
% Change
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Taxes on income
​ ​ ​ $ 7,184 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 4,715 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 2,469 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 52.4% ​ ​
Taxes on income increased by $2.5 million, or 52.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by higher earnings before tax.
Key Operating and Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We regularly review certain key operating and non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends, prepare financial projections and make business decisions. The information set forth below should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate these measures differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures. A reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted operating income and Adjusted net income, to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP is set forth below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Key Operating Measure ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Order Billings
​ ​ ​ $ 595,772 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 395,489 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 267,814 ​ ​
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Non-GAAP Financial Measures ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Adjusted EBITDA
​ ​ ​ $ 107,334 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 39,471 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 26,628 ​ ​
Adjusted EBITDA margin
​ ​ ​ ​ 21.1% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.2% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.0% ​ ​
Adjusted operating income
​ ​ ​ $ 98,729 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 35,063 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 22,622 ​ ​
Adjusted net income
​ ​ ​ $ 76,713 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 27,298 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 16,243 ​ ​
Key Operating Measure
Order Billings
Order billings represent amounts invoiced to customers during the period. We believe order billings provide insight into trends in our operating results and we use this metric to contemporaneously assess and monitor our operating performance, including marketing performance.
 
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
 
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income before financial expenses (income), net, taxes on income, and depreciation and amortization as further adjusted to exclude share-based compensation expense, and non-recurring adjustments. Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net revenue. We have provided below a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are useful for financial and operational decision-making and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. By excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our recurring core operating results, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as depreciation and amortization, interest expense, and interest income, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on their financing and capital structures and the method by which their assets were acquired. However, these non-GAAP measures also have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider these measures as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For example, Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect: (i) interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt, which reduces the cash available to us, (ii) tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us, (iii) non-cash charges for depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets, even though the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future and would require cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements, or (iv) share-based compensation expense, which is expected to be a recurring expense for our business. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Net Income
​ ​ ​ $ 58,534 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,728 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 13,920 ​ ​
Financial expenses (income), net
​ ​ ​ ​ (4,283) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (1,247) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 877 ​ ​
Taxes on income
​ ​ ​ ​ 20,067 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7,184 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,715 ​ ​
Depreciation and amortization
​ ​ ​ ​ 8,605 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,408 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,006 ​ ​
Share-based compensation
​ ​ ​ ​ 24,111 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6,697 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,107 ​ ​
Non-recurring adjustments
​ ​ ​ ​ 300 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 701 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,003 ​ ​
Adjusted EBITDA
​ ​ ​ $ 107,334 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 39,471 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 26,628 ​ ​
Net income margin
​ ​ ​ ​ 11.5% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6.7% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6.3% ​ ​
Adjusted EBITDA margin
​ ​ ​ ​ 21.1% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.2% ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.0% ​ ​
Adjusted Operating Income
Adjusted operating income is defined as operating income adjusted for the impact of share-based compensation and non-recurring adjustments. We believe the presentation of Adjusted operating income is useful because it is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. Further, we believe this measure is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results, because it excludes the impact of items that are outside the control of management or not reflective of our ongoing operations and performance. However, this measure also has limitations, including that other companies (including those in our industry) may calculate adjusted operating income differently or not at all, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure. You should not consider this measure as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have provided
 
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
 
below a reconciliation of Adjusted operating income to operating income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Operating income
​ ​ ​ $ 74,318 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 27,665 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 19,512 ​ ​
Share-based compensation
​ ​ ​ ​ 24,111 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6,697 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,107 ​ ​
Non-recurring adjustments
​ ​ ​ ​ 300 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 701 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,003 ​ ​
Adjusted operating income
​ ​ ​ $ 98,729 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 35,063 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 22,622 ​ ​
Adjusted Net Income
Adjusted net income is defined as net income adjusted for the impact of share-based compensation, non-recurring adjustments, and the tax effect of Non-GAAP adjustments. We believe the presentation of Adjusted net income is useful because it is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. Further, we believe this measure is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results, because it excludes the impact of items that are outside the control of management or not reflective of our ongoing operations and performance. However, this measure also has limitations, including that other companies (including those in our industry) may calculate adjusted net income differently or not at all, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure. You should not consider this measure as a substitute for or in isolation from, our financial results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have provided below a reconciliation of Adjusted net income to net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31,
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Net income
​ ​ ​ $ 58,534 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,728 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 13,920 ​ ​
Share-based compensation
​ ​ ​ ​ 24,111 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6,697 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2,107 ​ ​
Non-recurring adjustments
​ ​ ​ ​ 300 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 701 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,003 ​ ​
Tax impact
​ ​ ​ ​ (6,232) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (1,828) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (787) ​ ​
Adjusted net income
​ ​ ​ $ 76,713 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 27,298 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 16,243 ​ ​
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since inception, we have financed operations primarily through revenue from operations, the sale of equity securities, and borrowings under our credit facilities. As of December 31, 2023, we had $168.4 million of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits and marketable securities.
Indebtedness
2024 Credit Facilities
In January 2024, we entered into separate credit facility arrangements with two Israeli banks, Bank Leumi and Bank Hapoalim (the “2024 Credit Facilities”), denominated in U.S. dollars, pursuant to which we may withdraw an aggregate principal amount of up to $100 million. Borrowings under the 2024 Credit Facilities will accrue interest at a percentage rate per annum equal to SOFR + 2.7% for borrowings of up to $70 million; SOFR + 3.5% for fixed revolving loans provided for a period shorter than a year; and Prime + 0.1% for on-call borrowings made in NIS. An additional commitment fee of 0.32% will apply to any unused credit. The obligations of the Company under the 2024 Credit Facilities include a negative pledge by the Company and are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2024 Credit Facilities also contain customary affirmative and negative covenants, as well as certain financial covenants, including that
 
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Confidential Treatment Requested by ODDITY TECH LTD.
Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
 
the Company’s shareholder equity ratio shall not fall, at any given time, below 20% and that the net debt-to-EBITDA ratio of the Company does not exceed 3x of EBITDA.
2020 Credit Facility
In April 2020, we entered into a loan agreement with Bank Hapoalim, denominated in NIS, pursuant to which we borrowed an aggregate principal amount of NIS 5 million (approximately $1.4 million according to the applicable exchange rate as of December 31, 2023) (the “2020 Credit Facility”). The principal amount of the 2020 Credit Facility bears interest at a floating per annum rate equal to prime plus 1.5%. The 2020 Credit Facility matures in April 2025. As of December 31, 2023, we had repaid all amounts outstanding under the 2020 Credit Facility.
2016 Credit Line
In May 2016, we entered into a credit line agreement with Bank Hapoalim (the “2016 Credit Line”), denominated in NIS, pursuant to which we may withdraw an aggregate principal amount of up to NIS 25 million (approximately $6.9 million according to the applicable exchange rate as of December 31, 2023). The principal amount bears interest at a floating per annum rate equal to prime plus 1.4%, and we pay an additional annual fee of 0.4% of the unused credit line. The 2016 Credit Line has a maturity date of one year which is automatically renewed on a yearly basis. As of December 31, 2023, we had repaid all amounts outstanding under the 2016 Credit Line.
The loans made under the 2016 Credit Line and 2020 Credit Facility are secured by a floating charge on our assets and liens on deposit in the amount of $2.0 million. These credit facilities also include a requirement to report our financial statements and other financial information, as may be requested from time to time.
Sufficiency of Capital
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and positive cash flows from operations will be sufficient to support working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned and will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, the timing and extent of brand launches, expansion efforts and other growth initiatives, the expansion of our marketing activities, and overall economic conditions.
To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of additional debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital when needed or on terms acceptable to us. The inability to raise capital if needed or on terms acceptable to us would adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives. For more information, see the section titled “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — We may need additional capital, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available on favorable terms, if at all.”
 
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Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. Section 200.83
 
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:
​ ​ ​
Year Ended December 31
​
​ ​ ​
2023
​ ​
2022
​ ​
2021
​
​ ​ ​
(in thousands)
​
Cash provided by operating activities
​ ​ ​ $ 87,455 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 39,032 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 10,224 ​ ​
Cash used in investing activities
​ ​ ​ ​ (139,991) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (25,780) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (18,782) ​ ​
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities
​ ​ ​ ​ 48,811 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (246) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (318) ​ ​
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents
​ ​ ​ ​ (623) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (781) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (359) ​ ​
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
​ ​ ​ $ (4,348) ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 12,225 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ (9,235) ​ ​
Operating Activities
Our largest source of operating cash is cash collected from sales of our products to our customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for marketing expenses, personnel expenses, and general and administrative expenses.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $87.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in net income adjusted for certain non-cash expenses and change in working capital. Our net cash for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of $58.5 million and $21.7 million of net income, adjusted for $32.2 million and $11.1 million of non-cash expenses and $(3.2) million and $6.2 million of net cash (used in) provided as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the non-cash charges included $8.6 million of depreciation and amortization and $24.1 million of share-based compensation. For the year ended December 31, 2022, non-cash charges included $4.4 million of depreciation and amortization, and $6.7 million of share-based compensation. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by an increase in trade payables and other accounts payable, partially offset by an increase in inventory and prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in net income adjusted for certain non-cash expenses and change in working capital. Our net cash for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of $21.7 million and $13.9 million of net income, adjusted for $11.1 million and $6.1 million of non-cash expenses and $6.2 million of net cash provided and $9.8 million of net cash used as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the non-cash charges included $4.4 million of depreciation and amortization and $6.7 million of share-based compensation. For the year ended December 31, 2021, non-cash charges included $4.0 million of depreciation and amortization, and $2.1 million of share-based compensation. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by an increase in inventory to support the growth of our business, partially offset by an increase in trade payables and other accounts payable.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $140.0 million, compared to $25.8 million used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $140.0 million of net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily related to a $60.0 million net change in short-term deposits, a $50.0 million investment in marketable securities and $23.2 million related to the acquisition of Revela.
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $25.8 million, compared to $18.8 million used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021. The $25.8 million of net cash used for investing activities in 2022 was primarily related to $18.0 million investment in short-term deposits.
 
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